Cyanosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]


Overview

Cyanosis is commonly caused by respiratory disorders that inhibits oxygen from reaching the alveoli or interrupts its movement across the alveolar interface. It is also seen in a wide variety of cardiac and vascular disorders by mixing oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood (eg, vascular shunts or intracardiac shunts), structural or vascular alteration in pulmonary blood flow, and cardiac decompensation with pulmonary edema or shock.

Causes

Cyanosis can be either central or peripheral. Certain conditions present with bluish-purple discoloration of skin or mucous membranes can mimic cyanosis, are not associated with hypoxemia or peripheral vasoconstriction and is called Pseudocyanosis.

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common causes

Central cyanosis

There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:

Peripheral Cyanosis:

There following are some of the common causes of peripheral cyanosis: [34][35]

Pseudocyanosis:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aberrant subclavian artery, acrocyanosis, air embolism, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, alveolar capillary dysplasia , aortic arch defects, aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, arterial occlusion, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, Blalock-Taussig shunt, Bland-White-Garland syndrome, blue baby syndrome, Buergers disease, cardiac tamponade, cardiomyopathy, Cassirer disease, cholesterol emboli syndrome, cholesterol pneumonia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, cor biloculare, cor triatriatum, coronary artery anomaly, critical valvular aortic stenosis, Crocq disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, double inlet left ventricle, double outlet right ventricle, Ebstein anomaly, Eisenmenger syndrome, familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, heart attack, hemothorax, hypocalcemia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, hypovolemia, hypoxemia, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, ischemic heart disease, isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, Ivemark syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, laryngeal edema, malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Meadows syndrome, mitral atresia in infants, myocardial infarction, partial atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, peripartum cardiomyopathy, peripheral arterial disease, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, persistent truncus arteriosus, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, pseudocyanosis, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary venous return anomaly, right ventricle hypoplasia, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, shock, Sneddon syndrome, subpulmonary stenosis, superior vena cava syndrome, TAPVC, Taussig-Bing syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, transposition of the great vessels, tricuspid atresia, tricuspid stenosis, truncus arteriosus, vascular malposition, vascular rings, velocardiofacial syndrome, ventricular septal defect
Chemical / poisoning 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 4-Nitrophenol, anchovy poisoning, aniline, anisidine, antifreeze, apple seed poisoning, apricot seed poisoning, arsine gas, bird cherry seed poisoning, bitter almond seed poisoning, brown snake poisoning, carbamates, chlorate salts, chlorobenzene, chronic mercury exposure, clupeotoxin, cyanide poisoning, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dinitrocresol, dioxathion, disulfoton, endosulfan, epichlorohydrin, ethion, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, ethylene, fensulfothion, fenthion, herring poisoning, hydrogen sulfide, iron poisoning, lantana poisoning, lead, malathion, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat, parathion, phosdrin, profenofos, propane, sea snake venom, silver iodide, silver nitrate, silver, smoke inhalation, snakebites, stachybotrys chartarum exposure, strychnine, sulfur dioxide, terbufos, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, tetrodotoxin, thioglycolic acid, trichloroethylene
Dermatologic Acrodynia, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, angioneurotic edema, chromhidrosis
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen and hydrocodone, amiodarone, amyl nitrite, benzocaine, benzodiazepines, beta blockers,bicisate dihydrochloride, bufotenin, chloramphenicol, chloroquine, clonazepam, clorazepate, codeine, dapsone, desmopressin, diazepam, dilaudid, gray baby syndrome, hydrocodone, hydroquinone, ibuprofen, Imipenem-Cilastatin,lorazepam, lortab, maternal sedation, meperidine, methadone, metoclopramide, midazolam, morphine, narcotics, nitrates, nitrazepam, nitrites, nitroglycerin, oxazepam, phenazopyridine, phenol, phenothiazines, primaquine , ribavirin, rifampin, sedatives, sulfonamides
Ear Nose Throat Choanal atresia, epiglottitis, laryngomalacia, laryngotracheomalacia, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type, Ludwig's angina, macroglossia, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1, micrognathia, Pierre Robin syndrome, retrognathia, syndromic microphthalmia type 9, vocal cord paralysis, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Endocrine Adrenal hemorrhage, congenital hyperinsulinism, hypoadrenalism, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, pseudoaldosteronism, type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Environmental Asbestosis, berylliosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, cold exposure, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, insect sting allergy, pneumoconiosis, Shaver's disease, silicosiderosis, silicosis
Gastroenterologic Boerhaave syndrome, Cast syndrome, cirrhosis of liver, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cystic fibrosis, duodenal atresia, esophageal atresia, tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheoesophageal fistula
Genetic 1p36 deletion syndrome, acrocephalopolysyndactyly, acrofacial dysostosis, benign familial neonatal convulsions, chromosome 22q11 deletion, cystic fibrosis, DiGeorge syndrome, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Marfan syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 , Sakati syndrome, Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome, Shprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, VLCAD deficiency, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Hematologic Blood transfusion, cystic hygroma, deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemoglobinopathy, methemoglobinemia, Osler-Vaquez disease, phlegmasia alba dolens, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, polycythemia vera, pulmonary embolism, sulfhemoglobinemia, Vaquez disease
Iatrogenic Mendelson's syndrome
Infectious Disease Acute histoplasmosis, anthracosis, bacterial tracheitis, bordetella pertussis, epiglottitis, legionellosis, legionnaire's disease, Ludwig's angina, melioidosis, meningitis, pertussis, sepsis, streptococcal group B invasive disease , Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome, western equine encephalitis, whooping cough
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Adams–Oliver syndrome, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, Isaac's syndrome, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1, neuromyotonia, thoracic dystrophy
Neurologic Adams-Oliver syndrome, benign familial neonatal convulsions, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, birth asphyxia, cerebral hypoxia, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, encephalitis, head trauma, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, Isaac's syndrome, meningitis, monomelic amyotrophy, mountain sickness, neonatal myasthenia gravis, neuromyotonia, obstructive sleep apnea, perinatal asphyxia, phrenic nerve injury, seizure, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, suffocation, tonic-clonic seizures, vein of Galen aneurysm, vocal cord paralysis, Werdnig-Hoffman disease, western equine encephalitis
Nutritional / Metabolic Dehydration, diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Meadows syndrome, Mendelson's syndrome, peripartum cardiomyopathy
Oncologic Cystic hygroma, malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome, Osler-Vaquez disease, Pancoast tumor, polycythemia vera, Vaquez disease
Opthalmologic Matthew-Wood syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Drug overdose, heroin, phosdrin
Psychiatric Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, shaken baby syndrome
Pulmonary Acrocyanosis, acute interstitial pneumonitis, air leak syndromes, airway obstruction, alveolar capillary dysplasia, angioneurotic edema, apnea of prematurity, aspiration, asthma, atelectasis, bacterial tracheitis, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchospasm, Cassirer disease, cholesterol pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chylothorax, community-acquired pneumonia, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, Crocq disease, croup, cystic fibrosis, diaphragmatic paralysis, emphysema, empyema, epiglottitis, erythrocyanosis, exercise-induced asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, familial interstitial fibrosis , familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, fibrosing alveolitis, flail chest, foreign body aspiration, Hamman-Rich syndrome , hemothorax, hyaline membrane disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hypoxia (medical), idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis , infant respiratory distress syndrome, infantile apnea, interstitial lung disease, laryngeal cleft, laryngeal edema, laryngomalacia, laryngotracheomalacia, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type , lobar emphysema, lung abscess, Matthew-Wood syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, Mendelson's syndrome, mountain sickness, obstructive sleep apnea, Pancoast tumor, perinatal asphyxia, Pickwickian syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, pleural effusion, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pseudocyanosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary artery sling, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory depression, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, respiratory muscle paralysis, sarcoidosis, Shaver's disease, sleep apnea, smoke inhalation, spontaneous pneumothorax, sudden infant death syndrome, suffocation, surfactant metabolism dysfunction, tension pneumothorax, tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, transient tachypnea of the newborn, unilateral pulmonary agenesis, unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia, whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte Cholesterol emboli syndrome, dehydration, Goodpasture syndrome, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Angioneurotic edema, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, Buergers disease, DiGeorge syndrome, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Goodpasture syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, insect sting allergy, laryngeal edema, lupus, neonatal myasthenia gravis, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sarcoidosis, Shprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome
Sexual Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Trauma Flail chest, head trauma, hemothorax, penetrating chest wounds, shaken baby syndrome, thermal injury,
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Choking, drowning, hanging, high altitude, hypothermia, immobility

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Cyanosis Based on Classification

Causes of Central Cyanosis


Causes of peripheral cyanosis

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References

  1. ↑ Olson K, Smollin C (July 2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907971. PMID 19445736.
  2. ↑ Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, Rege SV, Holstege CP (February 2018). "Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning". Clin Toxicol (Phila): 1–9. doi:10.1080/15563650.2018.1435886. PMID 29417853.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
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  6. ↑ Wang RF, Hung TY, Chong CF, Wang TL, Chen CC (February 2008). "Central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension combined with pericarditis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am J Emerg Med. 26 (2): 248.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.04.007. PMID 18272123.
  7. ↑ Costello RA, Nehring SM. PMID 28722864. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
  9. ↑ Bodson L, Bouferrache K, Vieillard-Baron A (October 2011). "Cardiac tamponade". Curr Opin Crit Care. 17 (5): 416–24. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283491f27. PMID 21716107.
  10. ↑ Komine S (February 1964). "In vitro studies on the degradation and synthesis of serum proteins in placentae. I. Synthesis of serum proteins". Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 26 (1): 15–23. PMID 4173631.
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S (2016). "Amniotic fluid embolism". J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 32 (2): 153–9. doi:10.4103/0970-9185.173356. PMC 4874066. PMID 27275041.
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  23. ↑ Bishop NB, Stankiewicz P, Steinhorn RH (July 2011). "Alveolar capillary dysplasia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184 (2): 172–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201010-1697CI. PMC 3172887. PMID 21471096.
  24. ↑ Justice NA, Le JK. PMID 28722988. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  31. ↑ Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
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  33. ↑ Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
  35. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.

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