Autoimmune hemolytic anemia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Risk Factors
In the majority of cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the etiology is not found, and patients have no predisposing risk factors. However, there are certain conditions that can predispose a person to develop autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These conditions have an immunologic or autoimmune basis, with aberrant immune activation that results in generation of autoantibodies against oneself. The best autoimmune-related known risk factor is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).[1] SLE is a multisystem rheumatologic disease that is characterized by production of anti-double stranded DNA and anti-nuclear antibodies, with resultant autoimmune-mediated damage to a variety of organs including the kidneys, brain, skin, and peripheral blood.[1]
- Immunotherapy: Another risk factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia is the use of immunotherapeutic agents to treat an underlying cancer.
- Pembrolizumab: This is a humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-1.
- Nivolumab: This is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1.
- Ipilimumab: This is a humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-1.
- Atezolizumab: This is a humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-L1 on tumor cells. This medication is FDA-approved for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who are ineligible for cisplatin-based therapy or have disease progression within 12 months of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. It is also approved for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who have had disease progression on platinum-based chemotherapy.
- Avelumab: This is a humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody against PD-L1 on tumor cells. This medication is FDA-approved for patients above the age of 12 with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fujii J, Kurahashi T, Konno T, Homma T, Iuchi Y (2015). "Oxidative stress as a potential causal factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus". World J Nephrol. 4 (2): 213–22. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.213. PMC 4419130. PMID 25949934.