Parkinson's disease future or investigational therapies
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Future or Investigational Therapies
Gene therapy
One of the PD therapies which are under investigation is gene therapy. In this therapy we enter a virus into subthalamic nucleus cells of the brain. This virus has a gene coding an enzyme called glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and this enzyme can catalyses the production of GABA.[1]
Continuous levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion
Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine
Neuroprotective treatments
Neuroprotective drugs such as apoptotic drugs (CEP1347 and CTCT346), lazaroids, bioenergetics and antiglutamatergic agents.[2][3]
Neural transplantation
One of the under investigation therapies is transplantation of dopamine-producing cell into brain. In one of the studies it caused an improvement in the symptoms in PD patients under 60.[4] One of the side effects of this therapy is that it can cause dystonia by increased amount of dopamine.[5] To solve this side effect a study in African monkeys suggest using stem cells.[6]
Nutrients
Nutrients can be very useful in controlling PD symptoms. L-tyrosine, the precursor of L-dopa is one of these nutrients.[7] The other nutrient is ferrous iron which is the essential co factor for L-dopa biosynthesis.[8][9]
Other nutrients includes THFA, NADH and pyridoxine_ coenzymes, coenzymes precursors[10], Vitamin C and vitamin E in large doses. These vitamins are necessary for some enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase to nullify the superoxide anions in damaged cells.[11]
Qigong
There have been two studies looking at qigong in Parkinson's disease. In a trial in Bonn, an open-label randomised pilot study in 56 patients found an improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms amongst patients who had undergone one hour of structured Qigong exercise per week in two 8-week blocks. The authors speculate that visualizing the flow of "energy" might act as an internal cue and so help improve movement.[12]
The second study, however, found Qigong to be ineffective in treating Parkinson's disease. In that study, researchers used a randomized cross-over trial to compare aerobic training with Qigong in advanced Parkinson's disease. Two groups of PD patients were assessed, had 20 sessions of either aerobic exercise or qigong, were assessed again, then after a 2 month gap were switched over for another 20 sessions, and finally assessed again. The authors found an improvement in motor ability and cardiorespiratory function following aerobic exercise, but found no benefit following Qigong. The authors also point out that aerobic exercise had no benefit for patients' quality of life.[13]
Botox
Recently, Botox injections are being investigated as a non-FDA approved possible experimental treatment.[14]
References
- ↑ Kaplitt MG, Feigin A, Tang C, Fitzsimons HL, Mattis P, Lawlor PA, Bland RJ, Young D, Strybing K, Eidelberg D, During MJ (2007). "Safety and tolerability of gene therapy with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) borne GAD gene for Parkinson's disease: an open label, phase I trial". Lancet. 369 (9579): 2097–105. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60982-9. PMID 17586305.
- ↑ Djaldetti R, Melamed E (2002). "New drugs in the future treatment of Parkinson's disease". J. Neurol. 249 Suppl 2: II30–5. doi:10.1007/s00415-002-1206-2. PMID 12375061.
- ↑ Bonuccelli U,
Del Dotto P (2006). "New pharmacologic horizons in the treatment of Parkinson disease". Neurology. 67 (2): 30–38. line feed character in
|author=at position 14 (help) - ↑ Freed CR, Greene PE, Breeze RE; et al. (2001). "Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (10): 710–9. PMID 11236774.
- ↑ Redmond DE (2002). "Cellular replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease--where we are today?". The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry. 8 (5): 457–88. PMID 12374430.
- ↑ Redmond E; et al. (2007). "Behavioral improvement in a primate Parkinson's model is associated with multiple homeostatic effects of human neural stem cells". Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (29).
- ↑ Lemoine P, Robelin N, Sebert P, Mouret J (1986). "La L-tyrosine : traitement au long cours de la maladie de Parkinson [L-tyrosine : A long term treatment of Parkinson's Disease]". Comptes rendus academie des sciences (in French). 309: 43–47.
- ↑ Birkmayer W, Birkmayer JG (1986). "Iron, a new aid in the treatment of Parkinson patients". J. Neural Transm. 67 (3–4): 287–92. PMID 3806082.
- ↑ Editors Przuntek H , Riederer P, ed. (1989). Early diagnosis and preventive therapy in Parkinson's disease. Springer. pp. p. 323. ISBN 0-387-82080-9.
- ↑ "Dopamine biosynthesis" (Word doc). University of Chicago Personal Web Pages. Retrieved 2006-11-04.
- ↑ "Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (3): 176–83. 1993. PMID 8417384.
- ↑ Schmitz-Hubsch T (2006). "Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study". Mov Disord. 21 (4): 543–548. PMID 16229022.
- ↑ Burini D, Farabollini B, Iacucci S; et al. (2006). "A randomised controlled cross-over trial of aerobic training versus Qigong in advanced Parkinson's disease". Europa medicophysica. 42 (3): 231–8. PMID 17039221.
- ↑ Template:Citeref patent