Multiple myeloma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of multiple myeloma is old age. Other risk factors include positive family history, positive history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and occupational exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals.[1][2]
MM is a multifactorial disease, encompassing a wide variety of risk factors that span numerous life aspects.PMID:26294217
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a mature B-cell neoplastic proliferative disease and is also known as plasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis, or Kahler disease. Bone marrow plasmacytosis and production of monoclonal immunoglobulin are key features, while symptomatic disease is associated with anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and osteolytic bone disease. MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy and represents 10% to 20% of all hematologic malignancies. Interestingly, its prevalence is expected to rise in Western countries in light of the aging population, given that nearly 30% of patients are aged 75 years or older. The 5-year relative survival has been estimated at approximately 41%.
The epidemiology of MM is an increasingly investigated field, with many controversies. Older age, positive family history, male sex, black race, and genetic factors have been described as risk factors for the disease. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is a condition that precedes MM and is the most important factor associated with the development of MM. Regarding environmental factors, exposure to benzene, petroleum products, and ionizing radiation, as well as agricultural or industrial occupation have been acknowledged, whereas tobacco smoking, obesity, and dietary characteristics are probably less implicated but have been addressed in the literature.
Risk Factors
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
| Risk Factor | Description |
| Age | The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.[1][2][3] |
| Race | African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.[4][3][5] |
| Gender | Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[2][3] |
| Having other plasma cell diseases | Patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[6][3] |
| Family history | A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[7][4][8][3] |
| Obesity | Being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma.[6][3] |
| Workplace exposures | Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations.[9][6][3] |
| Radiation | Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure.[6][3] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
- ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)