Acute kidney injury overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Historical Perspective
In 1941, Beall et al described a case of acute kidney injury during world war II. They describe a course of rapidly progressive renal insufficiency with dark urine, edema, elevated potassium levels, and disorientation. In 1946, first hemodialysis was performed by Bywaters et al to treat acute kidney injury.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Common causes of acute kidney injury include albendazole, ciprofloxacin, foscarnet sodium, deferasirox, gadoterate and gadoxetate.
Differentiating Acute kidney injury from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence less severe AKI is approximately 200-300 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of acute kidney injury is approximately 400-500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Patients of all age groups may develop AKI. The incidence of AKI increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 76 years. AKI affects men and women equally.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of acute kidney injury include exposure to contrast, volume depletion, hemodynamic instability, advanced ages, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.