Thrombocytopenia differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi, M.D.

Overview

Thrombocytopenia has a broad range of potential causes. While a good history and physical examination can be helpful to diagnose some of these causes such as drug-induced thrombocytopenia, they usually don't suffice and further evaluation is often needed. There are also some useful points that may guide the physician to an appropriate diagnosis. For example, asymptomatic, isolated thrombocytopenia most probably suggests ITP, while thrombocytopenia in critically ill, hospitalized patients is usually suggestive of iatrogenic causes (eg. dilution), platelet consumption, bone marrow suppression from infection/sepsis, or even drug-induced thrombocytopenia. One should consider however, that a wide variety of other conditions such as autoimmune disorders, nutrient deficiencies, thrombotic microangiopathies could all as well cause thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia Differential Diagnosis

Differentiating the diseases that can cause thrombocytopenia:

Category	Condition		Etiology	Mechanism			Inherited	Acquried	Clinical manifestations									Para−clinical findings								Gold standard	Associated findings
									Demography	History	Symptoms			Signs				Para−clinical findings
											Symptoms			Signs				Lab Findings
											Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other	CBC			PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA
				Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen					Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA
Hematology	Bone marrow disorders	Myelodysplastic syndromes^[1]	Unknown Mutation	+	−	−	-/+	+	Elderly	Exposure to Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Tobacco smoke	+	Petechiae, purpura, diffuse erythematous rash	+	Nl	+	+	Shortness of breath, fatigue	↓	↓	↓	Ovalomacrocytosis Basophilic stippling Howell-Jolly body Dysplastic neutrophils	Impaired myeloid maturation Dyserythropoiesis Dysgranulopoiesis Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis Hypercellular bone marrow Fibrosis	Nl	Nl	Nl	Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation	Might transformed to acute leukemia
		Aplastic anemia	Unknown secondary to radiation, drugs and chemicals, pregnancy, PNH and viral or autoimmune causes	+	−	−	-/+	-/+	Biphasic (the young and the elderly)	Exposure to Chemicals Radiation History of Prior drug use Viral infection	−	−	+	Nl	−	−	Shortness of breath, fatigue, pallor	↓	↓	↓	large RBCs low platelets and granulocytes	Hypocellular bone marrow replacement of bone marrow by fat				Bone marrow examination + laboratory findings	Fanconi Anemia Dyskeratosis congenita Schwachman-Diamond syndrome Reticular dysgenesis Familial aplastic anemia Preleukemia Nonhematologic syndrome
		Acute leukemia		+					AML in adults		+/-		+		+/-
		Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)^[2]	Deficiency of complement regulatory proteins Mutations	+	+	-	−	+	Any age (usually younger adults)	Sudden nocturnal hemoglobinuria with partial clearing during the day	-	-	-	Nl	-	-	thrombosis smooth muscle dystonia	↓/Nl	↓	↓/Nl	Pancytopenia	Usually cellular marrow Erythroid hyperplasia dyserythropoiesis The marrow may also become hypocellular or even aplastic in certain stages of the disease	Nl	Nl	hemoglobinuria	Flow cytometry	Chronic renal failure Pulmonary hypertension Aplastic anemia
	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings
	Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)	Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)	Deficiency of, or antibodies to, the metalloprotease ADAMTS13	-	+	-	-/+	+	Any age	Neurologic manifestations Fatigue due to anemia	+	+ (petechiae are common)	Not common	Nl or ↑	-	+	Neurologic findings (more prominent) Signs of renal impairment	↓	↓	Nl or ↑	Fragmented RBCs	NA	Nl	Nl	Hemoglobinuria	Laboratory findings	Hemolysis Microvascular thrombosis
		Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)	Escherichia coli O157:H7 Genetic defects		+		-/+	+	Children	Exposure to contaminated water or milk Consuming undercooked ground beef History of diarrhea Abdominal pain	+		-		-	+		↓	↓		Fragmented RBCs	NA	Nl	Nl		Laboratory findings	Acute renal failure Hemolysis Microvascular thrombosis
		DIC		+	+		−	+	Any age	History of trauma, sepsis, malignancy, vasculitis or exogenous toxins		+	+					↓			Schistocytes		↑↑	↑		Laboratory findings	Hemolysis Microangiopathy
	Congenital platelet disorders^[3]^[4]	MYH-9 related disorders	Cytoskeletal defects in megakaryocytes				+	−									Hearing loss Renal impairment Cataract	↓			Large platelets Leukocyte inclusions
		Bernard-Soulier syndrome	Absence of Gp Ib-IX-V	+	−	−	+	−	Children	History of easy bruising and bleeding symptoms	−	−	+	Nl	−	−	−	↓	Nl	Nl	Large platelets	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Flow cytometry	Increased bleeding time
		Gray platelet syndrome					+	−
		Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome	Mutation in GATA-1				+	−													Small platelets						eczema recurrent infections autoimmune disorders malignancy
		Thrombocytopenia with absent radius (TAR) syndrome	1q21.1 deletion and bone marrow failure				+	−													Normal size platelets
		Alport syndrome					+	−
		Von Willebrand disease	VWF deficiency/dysfunction		−	−	+	Rarely	More common with O blood type	Bleeding symptoms	−	−	+	−	−	−	−	Nl/ ↓	Nl/↓	Nl	Large platelets		Nl	Nl or ↑		Laboratory findings
	Nutrient deficiencies	Folate, vitamin B12, copper		+
Category	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings
Rheumatologic/autoimmune disorders	ITP^[5]		Immune-mediated platelet destruction Inhibition of platelet release from the megakaryocyte	+	+	−	−	+	Any age	−	−	Ecchymoses and petechia	+ Mucocutaneous	Nl	−	−	−	↓↓↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Large platelets, otherwise normal	Nl	Nl	Nl	Diagnosis of exclusion	Spontaneous remission
	Systemic lupus erythematosus^[6]		Immune-mediated platelet destruction	-	+	-	-	+	Young women, more prevalent in Africans and Asians	Medication use History of weight changes Other rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases Family history of rheumatologic diseases	+	Malar rash, generalized maculopapular rash, discoid rash	+ Hemoptysis	Nl or ↑	+	+	Mucosal ulcers Lymphadenopathy Crackles Chest tenderness Murmur Hepatomegaly Cognitive impairment	↓	↓	↓	Pancytopenia	Pancytopenia	↑	↑	Hematuria Pyuria Proteinuria Cellular casts	Clinical manifestation + serology	TTP Multiorgan dysfunction Infections Atherosclerosis Malignancies Poor prognosis with lupus nephritis
	Antiphospholipid syndrome^[7]		Autoantibody-mediated syndrome	-	+	-	+	+	Middle aged women, more in African American and Hispanic population	Abortion Other rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases Family history of rheumatologic diseases	-	-	-	Nl	-	-	DVT	↓	Nl	↓	Reduced platelets and WBC	Reduced platelets and WBC	Nl	↑	Hematuria	Clinical manifestation + repeated positive tests of aPL	Recurrent thrombosis Stroke
	Felty's syndrome^[8]		Autoantibody-mediated syndrome Splenomegaly	-	+	+	-/+	+	Rare, young women	Arthritis Family history of RA	-	Necrotizing skin lesions Rheumatoid nodule	-	Nl	+	-	Lymphadenopathy	↓	Nl	↓	Reduced platelets and WBC	Reduced platelets and WBC	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	Rheumatoid arthritis Positive RF and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies Episcleritis Pleuropericarditis
Category	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings
Infection-induced	Bacterial infections	Sepsis^[9]	Direct bone marrow suppression	+	+	-	-	+	Any	Bacterial infection	+	Petechiae Purpura Erythema Ulceration	-/+	Nl to ↓	-	-/+	Malaise Lymphadenopathy	↓/↑	Nl	↑↑			↑	↑	+ Depends on the etiology	Clinical manifestation + culture	Associated with ↑ mortality
		Helicobacter pylori	Immune thrombocytopenia		+
		Tick-borne infection			+
	Viral infections	HIV	An ITP-like condition called primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia	+	+	+
	Viral infections	Other viruses such as rubella, mumps, varicella, parvovirus, hepatitis C, & Epstein-Barr virus		+
	Parasitic infections	Malaria
	Parasitic infections	Babesiosis
Category	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings
Medication/toxicity	Antibiotics/ Antiepileptic^[10]	Quinine Sulfonamides Carbamazepine Phenytoin	Occurrence of drug-dependent, platelet-reactive antibodies	+	+	-	-	+	Any	Drug ingestion or injection	-	Ecchymoses Petechia	-	Nl	-	-	-	↓↓	↓	Nl	Reduced platelets	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation + exclusion of the other causes	NA
	Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia^[11]		Anti-heparin/PF4 antibody	-	+	-	-	+	Any	Heparin injection	-	Necrotic skin lesions	-	Nl	-	-	-	↓	Nl	Nl	Reduced platelets	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	ELISA	Early or delayed-onset Thrombosis
	Cytotoxic chemotherapy^[12]		Bone marrow suppression	+	-	-	-	+	Patients with malignancy	Drug ingestion or injection Cancer	-	Ecchymoses Petechia	-	Nl	-	-	-	↓	↓	↓	Reduced platelets	Megakaryocytic hypoplasia or aplasia	↑	↑	Hematuria	Clinical manifestation + exclusion of the other causes	Thrombosis
	Radiation therapy^[13]		Predictable, dose-dependent myelosuppression	+	-	-	-	+	Patients with malignancy	Radiation Cancer	-	Purpura Petechiae	+	Nl	-	-	-	↓	↓	↓	Reduced platelets	Megakaryocytic hypoplasia or aplasia	↑	↑	Hematuria	Clinical manifestation + exclusion of the other causes	Thrombosis
GI	Chronic liver disease^[14]		Bone marrow suppression	+	-	-	-	+	Any	Cirrhosis Alcohol use	-	Purpura Petechiae	+	↓	+	+	-	↓	↓	Nl	Reduced platelets	NA	↑	↑	Nl	Biopsy	Portal vein thrombosis Hepatorenal syndrome Variceal hemorrhage Hepatic hydrothorax Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
GI	Portal hypertension^[15]		Bone marrow suppression	+	-	-	-	+	Any	Cirrhosis Alcohol use	-	Purpura Petechiae	+	↓	+	+	-	↓	↓	Nl	Reduced platelets	NA	↑	↑	Nl	Clinical manifestation	Portal vein thrombosis Ascites
Category	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings
Vascular	Giant capillary hemangioma (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome)^[16]^[17]		Platelet destruction	−	+	−	+	−	Infants	Rare but serious infantile coagulopathy	−	Multiple purple hemangioma	Intralesional bleeding	Nl	−	−	Visceral hemangiomas	↓↓	↓↓	Nl	Normocytic normochromic erythrocytes and markedly reduced platelets	Normal erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, and megakaryocytic hyperplasia	↑	↑	Hematuria	Biopsy	Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma Tufted angioma
Vascular	Cardiopulmonary bypass^[18]		Platelet destruction	−	+	−	−	+	Elderly	Coronary artery disease	−	Purpura Petechiae	+	Nl or ↑	-	-	-	↓	↓	Nl	Normocytic normochromic erythrocytes and markedly reduced platelets	NA	↑	↑	Hematuria	Clinical manifestation	Coagulopathy Hypofibrinogenemia
Other	Alcohol^[19]		Platelet production suppression	+	−	+	−	+	Any	History of alcohol use	−	−	-	Nl	+	+	Hepatomegaly	↓	↓	↓	Cytopenia, macrocytosis	Cytopenia, macrocytosis	↑	↑	Nl	Clinical manifestation	Chronic liver disease
	Post-transfusion purpura^[20]^[21]		Platelet destruction by anti-platelet antibodies	−	+	−	−	+	Women	History of blood transfusion or pregnancy	−	Purpura Petechiae	+	↓	−	−	−	↓↓↓	↓	Nl	Nl	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Positive circulating alloantibody to a common platelet antigen	Severe but rare reaction
	Gestational thrombocytopenia^[22]		Might be physiologic adaptation of pregnancy	−	−	−	−	+	Pregnant women	Positive history of mild thrombocytopenia	−	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Diagnosis of exclusion	Self-limited condition
	HELLP syndrome^[23]^[24]		Unknown	−	+	−	−	+	Pregnant > 25 years	History of preeclampsia	−	−	+	↑	−	+	Abdominal tenderness Ascites	↓	↓	Nl	Schistocytes	NA	Nl	Nl	Proteinuria	Lab abnormalities	Elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin Multiorgan dysfunction
	Idiopathic cyclic thrombocytopenia^[25]		Unknown Might be autoimmune platelet destruction	+	+	-	-	+	Females with the median age of onset 35 years	Misdiagnosed as ITP with uniformly poor responses	-	Purpura Petechiae	Minor mucocutaneous bleeding	Nl	-	-	-	↓	Nl	Nl	Reduced platelets and megakaryocytes	Megakaryocytic hypoplasia or aplasia	Nl	Nl	Nl	Diagnosis of exclusion	Rebound thrombocytosis Myeloproliferative diseases Myelodysplastic syndrome
	Pseudothrombocytopenia^[26]		Platelet clumping due to EDTA	-	-	-	-	+	Rare	Collected sample in EDTA anticoagulant	-	-	-	Nl	-	-	-	↓	Nl	Nl	Low platelet count and platelet clumps	Low platelet count and platelet clumps	Nl	Nl	Nl	Repeat collecting sample in a heparin tube	Nl
Category	Condition		Etiology	Decreased platelet production	Platelet destruction in blood	Platelet destruction in spleen	Inherited	Acquried	Demography	History	Fever	Rash	Bleeding	BP	Splenomegaly	Jaundice	Other signs	Plt	HB	WBC	PBS	Bone marrow exam	PT	PTT	UA	Gold standard	Associated findings

References

↑ Natelson, Ethan A.; Pyatt, David (2013). "Acquired Myelodysplasia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Clearing the Fog". Advances in Hematology. 2013: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2013/309637. ISSN 1687-9104.
↑ Brodsky RA (2014). "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 124 (18): 2804–11. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-02-522128. PMC 4215311. PMID 25237200.
↑ Nurden AT, Freson K, Seligsohn U (2012). "Inherited platelet disorders". Haemophilia. 18 Suppl 4: 154–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02856.x. PMID 22726100.
↑ D'Andrea G, Chetta M, Margaglione M (2009). "Inherited platelet disorders: thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies". Blood Transfus. 7 (4): 278–92. doi:10.2450/2009.0078-08. PMC 2782805. PMID 20011639.
↑ Zufferey, Anne; Kapur, Rick; Semple, John (2017). "Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Mechanisms in Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 6 (2): 16. doi:10.3390/jcm6020016. ISSN 2077-0383.
↑ Abu-Hishmeh M, Sattar A, Zarlasht F, Ramadan M, Abdel-Rahman A, Hinson S, Hwang C (October 2016). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge. A Case Report and Concise Review of the Literature". Am J Case Rep. 17: 782–787. PMC 5083062. PMID 27777394.
↑ Artim-Esen, Bahar; Diz-Küçükkaya, Reyhan; İnanç, Murat (2015). "The Significance and Management of Thrombocytopenia in Antiphospholipid Syndrome". Current Rheumatology Reports. 17 (3). doi:10.1007/s11926-014-0494-8. ISSN 1523-3774.
↑ Chavalitdhamrong, Disaya; Molovic-Kokovic, Ana; Iliev, Andrey (2009). "Felty's Syndrome as an initial presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis: a case report". Cases Journal. 2 (1): 206. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-206. ISSN 1757-1626.
↑ Wu, Qin; Ren, Jianan; Wu, Xiuwen; Wang, Gefei; Gu, Guosheng; Liu, Song; Wu, Yin; Hu, Dong; Zhao, Yunzhao; Li, Jieshou (2014). "Recombinant human thrombopoietin improves platelet counts and reduces platelet transfusion possibility among patients with severe sepsis and thrombocytopenia: A prospective study". Journal of Critical Care. 29 (3): 362–366. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.023. ISSN 0883-9441.
↑ Visentin GP, Liu CY (August 2007). "Drug-induced thrombocytopenia". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 21 (4): 685–96, vi. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2007.06.005. PMC 1993236. PMID 17666285.
↑ Lovecchio, F. (2014). "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (6): 579–583. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.917181. ISSN 1556-3650.
↑ Parameswaran, R.; Lunning, M.; Mantha, S.; Devlin, S.; Hamilton, A.; Schwartz, G.; Soff, G. (2014). "Romiplostim for management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia". Supportive Care in Cancer. 22 (5): 1217–1222. doi:10.1007/s00520-013-2074-2. ISSN 0941-4355.
↑ Bercovitz RS, Josephson CD (2012). "Thrombocytopenia and bleeding in pediatric oncology patients". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012: 499–505. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.499. PMID 23233625.
↑ Loffredo, Lorenzo; Violi, Francesco (2018). "Thrombopoietin receptor agonists and risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver disease and thrombocytopenia: A meta-analysis". Digestive and Liver Disease. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.005. ISSN 1590-8658.
↑ Jia YP, Lu Q, Gong S, Ma BY, Wen XR, Peng YL, Lin L, Chen HY, Qiu L, Luo Y (September 2007). "Postoperative complications in patients with portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler ultrasonography". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (34): 4636–40. PMC 4611842. PMID 17729421.
↑ Lewis D, Vaidya R. Kasabach Merritt Syndrome. [Updated 2018 Jul 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books/NBK519053/
↑ Vinod, Kolar Vishwanath; Johny, Joseph; Vadivelan, Mehalingam; Hamide, Abdoul (2017). "Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome in an adult". Turkish Journal of Hematology. doi:10.4274/tjh.2017.0429. ISSN 1300-7777.
↑ Ji, Sung-Mi; Kim, Sung-Hoon; Nam, Jae-Sik; Yun, Hye-Joo; Choi, Jeong-Hyun; Lee, Eun-Ho; Choi, In-Cheol (2015). "Predictive value of rotational thromboelastometry during cardiopulmonary bypass for thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia after weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 68 (3): 241. doi:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.3.241. ISSN 2005-6419.
↑ Latvala J, Parkkila S, Niemelä O (April 2004). "Excess alcohol consumption is common in patients with cytopenia: studies in blood and bone marrow cells". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 28 (4): 619–24. PMID 15100613.
↑ McCrae, Keith R.; Herman, Jay H. (1996). "Posttransfusion purpura: Two unusual cases and a literature review". American Journal of Hematology. 52 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199607)52:3<205::AID-AJH13>3.0.CO;2-E. ISSN 0361-8609.
↑ Pavenski, Katerina; Webert, Kathryn E.; Goldman, Mindy (2008). "Consequences of transfusion of platelet antibody: a case report and literature review". Transfusion. 48 (9): 1981–1989. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01796.x. ISSN 0041-1132.
↑ Reese, Jessica A.; Peck, Jennifer D.; Deschamps, David R.; McIntosh, Jennifer J.; Knudtson, Eric J.; Terrell, Deirdra R.; Vesely, Sara K.; George, James N. (2018). "Platelet Counts during Pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1802897. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Barnhart, Lynette (2015). "HELLP Syndrome and the Effects on the Neonate". Neonatal Network. 34 (5): 269–273. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.34.5.269. ISSN 0730-0832.
↑ Haram, Kjell; Svendsen, Einar; Abildgaard, Ulrich (2009). "The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. A Review". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 9 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8. ISSN 1471-2393.
↑ Go, Ronald S. (2005). "Idiopathic cyclic thrombocytopenia". Blood Reviews. 19 (1): 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2004.05.001. ISSN 0268-960X.
↑ Tan, Geok Chin; Stalling, Melissa; Dennis, Gretchen; Nunez, Maria; Kahwash, Samir B. (2016). "Pseudothrombocytopenia due to Platelet Clumping: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature". Case Reports in Hematology. 2016: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2016/3036476. ISSN 2090-6560.

[NatelsonPyatt2013-1] Natelson, Ethan A.; Pyatt, David (2013). "Acquired Myelodysplasia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Clearing the Fog". Advances in Hematology. 2013: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2013/309637. ISSN 1687-9104.

[pmid25237200-2] Brodsky RA (2014). "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 124 (18): 2804–11. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-02-522128. PMC 4215311. PMID 25237200.

[pmid22726100-3] Nurden AT, Freson K, Seligsohn U (2012). "Inherited platelet disorders". Haemophilia. 18 Suppl 4: 154–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02856.x. PMID 22726100.

[pmid20011639-4] D'Andrea G, Chetta M, Margaglione M (2009). "Inherited platelet disorders: thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies". Blood Transfus. 7 (4): 278–92. doi:10.2450/2009.0078-08. PMC 2782805. PMID 20011639.

[ZuffereyKapur2017-5] Zufferey, Anne; Kapur, Rick; Semple, John (2017). "Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Mechanisms in Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 6 (2): 16. doi:10.3390/jcm6020016. ISSN 2077-0383.

[pmid27777394-6] Abu-Hishmeh M, Sattar A, Zarlasht F, Ramadan M, Abdel-Rahman A, Hinson S, Hwang C (October 2016). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge. A Case Report and Concise Review of the Literature". Am J Case Rep. 17: 782–787. PMC 5083062. PMID 27777394.

[Artim-EsenDiz-Küçükkaya2015-7] Artim-Esen, Bahar; Diz-Küçükkaya, Reyhan; İnanç, Murat (2015). "The Significance and Management of Thrombocytopenia in Antiphospholipid Syndrome". Current Rheumatology Reports. 17 (3). doi:10.1007/s11926-014-0494-8. ISSN 1523-3774.

[ChavalitdhamrongMolovic-Kokovic2009-8] Chavalitdhamrong, Disaya; Molovic-Kokovic, Ana; Iliev, Andrey (2009). "Felty's Syndrome as an initial presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis: a case report". Cases Journal. 2 (1): 206. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-206. ISSN 1757-1626.

[WuRen2014-9] Wu, Qin; Ren, Jianan; Wu, Xiuwen; Wang, Gefei; Gu, Guosheng; Liu, Song; Wu, Yin; Hu, Dong; Zhao, Yunzhao; Li, Jieshou (2014). "Recombinant human thrombopoietin improves platelet counts and reduces platelet transfusion possibility among patients with severe sepsis and thrombocytopenia: A prospective study". Journal of Critical Care. 29 (3): 362–366. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.023. ISSN 0883-9441.

[pmid17666285-10] Visentin GP, Liu CY (August 2007). "Drug-induced thrombocytopenia". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 21 (4): 685–96, vi. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2007.06.005. PMC 1993236. PMID 17666285.

[Lovecchio2014-11] Lovecchio, F. (2014). "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (6): 579–583. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.917181. ISSN 1556-3650.

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Thrombocytopenia differential diagnosis

Overview

Thrombocytopenia Differential Diagnosis

References

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