Scoliosis historical perspective
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Overview
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- The word scoliosis is derived from the greek word meaning 'crooked'.
- In 5th century, Hippocrates described scoliosis for the first time.
- In 131-201 AD, Galen coined the terms scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis to describe spinal deformity.
- In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare first described congenital scoliosis and appreciated spinal cord compression as a possible cause of paraplegia.
- In 1741, Nicholas Andre coined the word “orthopedia” meaning “straight child”. He emphasized that scoliosis was the result of muscle imbalance, a consequence of poor sitting posture.
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 5th century, Hippocrates described distraction devices for treatment of scoliosis.
- In 131-201 AD, Galen advised various chest binders and jackets in an effort to control spinal curves.
- In 1510-1590, Ambrose Pare advocated the use of iron corsets fabricated by armorers, in addition to axial traction. He also recommended new breast plates to be made every 3 months for growing individuals.
- In 1741, Nicholas Andre Proper recommended construction and use of tables and chairs for students in preventing scoliosis. For the treatment of scoliosis, he endorsed periods of recumbence, as well as braces or corsets.
- In 1768, Francois LeVacher described the “Jurymast” brace, which allowed for axial distraction while the patient was upright. This was accomplished by a tight fitting cap suspended from a posterior bar arising from the back of the brace.
- In 1780, Jean-Andre Venel founded the first orthopedic hospital specializing in the treatment of skeletal deformities. In addition, to an orthopedic traction bed, Venel developed a brace which applied horizontal forces attempting to derotate the spine, as well as the extension forces.
- In 1839, Jules Guerin used percutaneous myotomies of the vertebral musculature in conjunction with bracing to correct the deformity.
- In 1889, Volkman attempted to resect rib deformities, the first known scoliosis surgery on bony structures.
- In 1890, Lewis Sayre popularized plaster of Paris casts that he applied to patients while they were standing in a vertical suspension device and attempted to correct both lateral and rotational deformities and held them with a cast.
- In 1902, Lange used steel rods and wire anchored to the spinous processes bilaterally in the treatment of tuberculosis kyphosis.
- In 1911, Albee described his technique of spinal fusion for Pott's disease of the spine using tibial autograft.
- In 1924, Hibbs reported his results on 59 cases of scoliosis that were treated with fusion. Hibbs’ method utilized preoperative traction jackets and/or head-pelvic traction to obtain correction and used cast immobilization for 6 to 12 months post-operatively to maintain correction.
- In 1931, Hibbs along with Risser and Ferguson suggested of the turnbuckle cast for preoperative correction and creation of a window in the back of the cast through which to operate, while maintaining correction.
- In 1941, Research Committee of the American Orthopedic Association reviewed treatment for scoliosis and found overall end results discouraging with 69% rated as fair or poor, while only 31% as good or excellent.
- In 1948, John Cobb described a method of measuring scoliosis curve magnitude radiologically and is still widely used today.
- In 1948, Walter Blount, together with Albert Schmidt, popularized their Milwaukee brace.
- In 1955, Paul Harrington developed Harrington distraction instrumentation which was a clear milestone in scoliosis surgery providing for the first time, a reliable means of obtaining and maintaining maximal deformity correction.
- In 1958, Joseph Risser described the Risser’s Sign, documenting the coincidental development of vertebral endplate growth and the excursion of ossification of the iliac apophysis. This remains a useful tool in the management of scoliosis.
- In 1958, John Moe endorsed surgical technique that emphasized on facet fusion, thorough decortication, and addition of autologous bone.
- In 1959, Nickel and Perry developed halo distraction apparatus to provide firm control of the neck and cervical spine.
Impact on Cultural History
Famous Cases
The following are a few famous cases of disease name: