Breast lumps pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR


[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

Physiology

  • Mammary gland development, maturation and differentiation controlled by hormones through acting on epithelial and stromal cells[1][2][3]
    • Estrogen: Development of ductal tissue
    • Progestrone:ductal branching and lobulo-alveolar development
    • Prolactine:Milk protein production
    • Estradiol and progestrone: breast development at puberty
    • Estrogen and Progestron: cell proliferation during luteal phase

Histological changes of breast

Histological changes of breast undergo some changes throughout aging[4]

  • Fibrocystic disease
    • Histological apperance change from predominance of ducts, lobules to fibrous change and cyst formation
    • Fibrocystic changes donot associated with breast cancer

Specific changes in period of times:

  • Early reproductive ages[5]
    • Stromal hyperplasia, unilateral or bilateral macromastia
  • Middle reproductive ages[6]
    • Substantial changes in glandular breast tissue result in adenosis
    • Stromal hyperplasia may turn into ill-defined fullness areas called lumpy-bumpy consistency or firm areas which require biopsy
    • No ductalchanges
  • Late reproductive period[6]
    • Hyperplastic glandular tissue with sclerosing adenosis or lobular hyperplasia
      • Hyperplastic glandular lesions may require biopsy
    • Hyperplastic ductal tissue

Diagnostic subtypesand histologic subtypes [7]

Diagnostic subtypes:

  • Non-proliferative disease
    • Relative risk (RR)of breast cancer is 1.17
  • Proliferative disease without atypia
    • RR is 1.76
  • Benign breast disease
    • RR is 2.07
  • Atypical hyperplasia
    • RR is 3.93

Histologic subtypes:

  • Adenosis
    • RR is 2.00
  • Atypical ductal hyperplasia
    • RR is 3.28
  • Atypical lobular hyperplassia
    • RR is 3.92
  • Cysts
    • RR is 1.55
  • Fibroadenoma
    • RR is 1.41
  • Papilloma
    • RR is 2.06
Breast lumps Histological findings
Atypical hyperplasia[8] Clonal neoplastic proliferations
Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH)[9] Localized intraductal proliferations,having some microscopic features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), usually associated with calcification, duct spaces consist of complex proliferation of monotonous luminal-type cells by creating bridging feature.

Differentiation of ADH from DCIS : ADH has less cytological atypia in than DCIS. But in

severe ADH as compared to DCIS ,distribution is restricted to less than 3 contiguous ducts and its size is less than 0.2 cm.

Lobular neoplasia[10] Associated to decrease expression or missing expression of E-cadherine, LN is considered to be as incidental findings in biopsies for assessment of microcalcification
Atypical lobular hyperplasi (ALH)[11] ALH is containing monomorphic cells and has tendency to distend lobular acini and spread into adjacent terminal ducts.

Differentiation between ALH and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) associated with quantitative degrees about lobules and architecture feature.

Apocrine proliferative lesions[12] Apocrine atypia is described by a 3-fold variation in nuclear size or by cribriform structures with nuclear atypia, associated with sclerosing adenosis or complex sclerosing lesion
Columnar cell lesions (CCL)[13] Ubiquitousand and heterogeneous set of lesions characterized by reduplication and microcystic change in lobular acini,elevated estrogen receptor expression, increased proliferative rate, associated with sclerosing adenosis, calcifications and pleomorphic appearnace

Pathogenesis

  • The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.

OR

  • It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
  • [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
  • Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
  • [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
  • The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
  • The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

  • [Gene1]
  • [Gene2]
  • [Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

  • [Mutation 1]
  • [Mutation 2]
  • [Mutation 3]

Associated Conditions

Conditions associated with [disease name] include:

  • [Condition 1]
  • [Condition 2]
  • [Condition 3]

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

  1. ↑ Going JJ, Anderson TJ, Battersby S, MacIntyre CC (1988). "Proliferative and secretory activity in human breast during natural and artificial menstrual cycles". Am J Pathol. 130 (1): 193–204. PMC 1880536. PMID 3337211.
  2. ↑ Hughes LE, Mansel RE, Webster DJ (1987). "Aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI): a new perspective on pathogenesis and nomenclature of benign breast disorders". Lancet. 2 (8571): 1316–9. PMID 2890912.
  3. ↑ Santen RJ. Benign Breast Disease in Women. [Updated 2018 May 25]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/
  4. ↑ Love, Susan M.; Sue Gelman, Rebecca; silen, William (1982). "Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast — A Nondisease?". New England Journal of Medicine. 307 (16): 1010–1014. doi:10.1056/NEJM198210143071611. ISSN 0028-4793.
  5. ↑ Pearlman MD, Griffin JL (2010). "Benign breast disease". Obstet Gynecol. 116 (3): 747–58. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181ee9fc7. PMID 20733462.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Huh SJ, Oh H, Peterson MA, Almendro V, Hu R, Bowden M; et al. (2016). "The Proliferative Activity of Mammary Epithelial Cells in Normal Tissue Predicts Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women". Cancer Res. 76 (7): 1926–34. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1927. PMC 4873436. PMID 26941287.
  7. ↑ Dyrstad SW, Yan Y, Fowler AM, Colditz GA (2015). "Breast cancer risk associated with benign breast disease: systematic review and meta-analysis". Breast Cancer Res Treat. 149 (3): 569–75. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-3254-6. PMID 25636589.
  8. ↑ Lakhani SR, Collins N, Stratton MR, Sloane JP (1995). "Atypical ductal hyperplasia of the breast: clonal proliferation with loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 16q and 17p". J Clin Pathol. 48 (7): 611–5. PMC 502709. PMID 7560165.
  9. ↑ Ely KA, Carter BA, Jensen RA, Simpson JF, Page DL (2001). "Core biopsy of the breast with atypical ductal hyperplasia: a probabilistic approach to reporting". Am J Surg Pathol. 25 (8): 1017–21. PMID 11474285.
  10. ↑ Page DL, Dupont WD, Rogers LW, Rados MS (1985). "Atypical hyperplastic lesions of the female breast. A long-term follow-up study". Cancer. 55 (11): 2698–708. PMID 2986821.
  11. ↑ Middleton LP, Sneige N, Coyne R, Shen Y, Dong W, Dempsey P; et al. (2014). "Most lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia diagnosed on core needle biopsy can be managed clinically with radiologic follow-up in a multidisciplinary setting". Cancer Med. 3 (3): 492–9. doi:10.1002/cam4.223. PMC 4101740. PMID 24639339.
  12. ↑ Guray M, Sahin AA (2006). "Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis, and management". Oncologist. 11 (5): 435–49. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-435. PMID 16720843.
  13. ↑ Schnitt SJ, Vincent-Salomon A (2003). "Columnar cell lesions of the breast". Adv Anat Pathol. 10 (3): 113–24. PMID 12717115.

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