Astrocytoma other diagnostic studies

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

Other Diagnostic Studies

Biopsy is helpful in the diagnosis of astrocytomas:[1][2][3]

  • Astrocytomas are histologically heterogenous
  • Obtaining small specimen from astrocytomas might lead to false diagnosis.
  • For lesions with areas of contrast enhancement the specimen should be obtained from those areas.
  • For lesions with no intra-tumor enhancement the specimen should be obtained from the center of the tumor.

Pathological findings diagnostic of astrocytoma include:[4]

  • Grade 1: Cells appearance is normal and growth rate is slow.
  • Grade 2: There might be some atypical cells inside tumor. Mitosis rate is relatively slow.
  • Grade 3 and 4: Tumor cells are anaplastic and malignant with high mitosis rate.

Molecular findings diagnostic of astrocytoma include:[5]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Stem cell
• Precursor cell
• Glial cell
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IDH1 mutation
 
 
 
 
 
• 10q loss
• PTEN mutation
• EGFR overexpression
• MDM2 overexpression
 
 
 
 
 
• KIAA1549-BRAF fusion
• MAPK/ERK abnormalities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• p53 mutation
• PDGF/PDGFRA overexpression
 
 
 
 
 
Primary glioblastoma grade IV
 
 
 
 
 
Pilocytic astrocytoma grade I
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diffuse astrocytoma grade II
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chr 19q loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anaplastic astocytoma grade III
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10q loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Glioblastoma (secondary) grade IV
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. Jackson RJ, Fuller GN, Abi-Said D, Lang FF, Gokaslan ZL, Shi WM, Wildrick DM, Sawaya R (July 2001). "Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas". Neuro-oncology. 3 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1093/neuonc/3.3.193. PMC 1920616. PMID 11465400.
  2. McGirt MJ, Villavicencio AT, Bulsara KR, Friedman AH (April 2003). "MRI-guided stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma: comparison of biopsy and surgical resection specimen". Surg Neurol. 59 (4): 277–81, discussion 281–2. PMID 12748009.
  3. Son BC, Kim MC, Choi BG, Kim EN, Baik HM, Choe BY, Naruse S, Kang JK (2001). "Proton magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging (1H CSI)-directed stereotactic biopsy". Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143 (1): 45–9, discussion 49–50. PMID 11345717.
  4. Mattle, Heinrich (2017). Fundamentals of neurology : an illustrated guide. Stuttgart New York: Thieme. ISBN 9783131364524.
  5. Ellison, David (2013). Neuropathology : a reference text of CNS pathology. Edinburgh New York: Mosby. ISBN 0723435154.

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