4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABAT gene.[1] This gene is located in chromosome 16 at position of 13.2.[2] This gene has also different name, to give some are GABA, GABAT, 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, NPD009 and etc.[2] This gene is mainly and abundant located in neuronal tissues.[3] 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase belongs to group of pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent enzyme which activates a large portion giving reaction to amino acids.[4] ABAT is made up of two monomers of enzymes where each subunit has a molecular weight of 50kDa.[5] It is identified that almost tierce of human synapses have GABA.[2]GABA is a neurotransmitter that has different roles in different regiions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It can be found also in some tissues that do not have neurons.[2] In addition, GAD and GABA-AT are responsible in regulating the concentration of GABA.[6]
GABA’s feature is that it does not fluorescent nor electroactive which is why it is hard to determine the reaction of enzymes because no peroxidase and dehydrogenase was identified.[7] One characteristic of GABA is having low lipophilic which results in the difficulty to cross the blood brain barrier. A lot of researchers have been trying to discover molecules that have a property of high lipophilicity.[6] The quantification of GABA concentration during cell activity needs to have high spatial and temporal resolution. As before, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used in quantifying GABA concentration levels. In present time, GABA is now analyze, measured in small volume with a short period of time with the use of electrochemiluminescence.[7] GABA acts as a tropic factor which then affects some cell activity such as rapid cell reproduction, cell death and differentiation. Intracellular communication is also one of the many functions of GABA outside the nervous system.[7]
Function
4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT) is responsible for catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an important, mostly inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, into succinic semialdehyde. The active enzyme is a homodimer of 50-kD subunits complexed to pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The protein sequence is over 95% similar to the pig protein. ABAT in liver and brain is controlled by 2 codominant alleles with a frequency in a Caucasian population of 0.56 and 0.44.[1] GABA acts as a tropic factor which then affects some cell activity such as rapid cell reproduction, cell death and differentiation. Intracellular communication is also one of the many functions of GABA outside the nervous system.[7] GABA-transaminaze enzyme production was made of ABAT gene command. The main function of ABAT acts as inhibition (neurotransmitter), where it prevents overloading activity of the brain from large amount of signals.[2]
ABAT activates the beginning of deterioration of GABA. Likewise, suppression of ABAT results in depletion of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) and acid reflux activity.Treating of GERD is possible means of suppressing ABAT’s physiology.[3]
ABAT Deficiency
ABAT defect is uncommon disorder. The signs and symptoms of this deficiency were observed from a Dutch family, two of the siblings, and a 6 month pediatric Japanese. These patients have same signs and symptoms that were observed. This include low muscle tone or known as floppy baby syndrome, over responsive reflexes and developmental delay.[8] The ABAT deficiency phenotype includes psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, lethargy, refractory seizures, and EEG abnormalities. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein isoform have been found for this gene.[1] Abnormal GABA-transaminaze enzyme results in encephalopathy which is observed in pediatric patients and this deficiency have life expectancy of less than 2 years and some survived more than the given life expectancy.Abnormal protein that is being set free from uncontrolled amount of GABA will affect the growth of individual (growth hormone).[2]
Decrease level of GABA concentration results in convulsion.[9]
Medicine
Vigabatrin is a drug that is irreparably suppresses GABA transaminase that causes increased amount of GABA in the brain.[10]
Discovery
In a recent study, it was found out that the increase amount of GABA will stop the consequences of drug addiction.[11] The suppression of ABAT which causing the amount of GABA to increase has a connection to children with those suffer from movement disability.[8] This gene is also link as one genetic cause of GERD.[3]
ABAT has been proved that it is important in mitochondrial nucleoside.[9]
↑Markova M, Peneff C, Hewlins MJ, Schirmer T, John RA (October 2005). "Determinants of substrate specificity in omega-aminotransferases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (43): 36409–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.m506977200. PMID16096275.
↑Churchich JE (September 1982). "4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Different susceptibility to inhibitors, microenvironment of the cofactor binding site and distance of the catalytic sites". European Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (3): 507–11. PMID7140743.
↑ 6.06.1Tovar-Gudiño E, Guevara-Salazar JA, Bahena-Herrera JR, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Martínez-Campos Z, Razo-Hernández RS, Santiago Á, Pastor N, Fernández-Zertuche M (May 2018). "Pseudomonas fluorescens and In Silico Molecular Modeling". Molecules. 23 (5): 1128. doi:10.3390/molecules23051128. PMID29747438.
↑ 7.07.17.27.3Salazar-Sánchez JC, Morales-Villagrán A, López-Pérez SJ, Pardo-Peña K, Villalpando-Vargas F, Medina-Ceja L (June 2018). "γ-Aminobutyric acid quantification in small volume biological samples through enzymatically induced electrochemiluminescence". Luminescence. 33 (4): 722–730. doi:10.1002/bio.3469. PMID29653023.
↑ 8.08.1Nagappa M, Bindu PS, Chiplunkar S, Govindaraj P, Narayanappa G, Krishnan A, Bharath MM, Swaminathan A, Saini J, Arvinda HR, Sinha S, Mathuranath PS, Taly AB (February 2017). "Hypersomnolence-hyperkinetic movement disorder in a child with compound heterozygous mutation in 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT) gene". Brain & Development. 39 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2016.08.005. PMID27596361.
↑Brecht EJ, Barsz K, Gross B, Walton JP (August 2017). "Increasing GABA reverses age-related alterations in excitatory receptive fields and intensity coding of auditory midbrain neurons in aged mice". Neurobiology of Aging. 56: 87–99. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.003. PMID28532644.
↑Choi S, Storici P, Schirmer T, Silverman RB (February 2002). "Design of a conformationally restricted analogue of the antiepilepsy drug Vigabatrin that directs its mechanism of inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (8): 1620–4. doi:10.1021/ja011968d. PMID11853435.
Jeremiah S, Povey S (July 1981). "The biochemical genetics of human gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase". Annals of Human Genetics. 45 (3): 231–6. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1981.tb00334.x. PMID7305280.
De Biase D, Barra D, Simmaco M, John RA, Bossa F (January 1995). "Primary structure and tissue distribution of human 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 227 (1–2): 476–80. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20412.x. PMID7851425.
Chakrabarti B, Dudbridge F, Kent L, Wheelwright S, Hill-Cawthorne G, Allison C, Banerjee-Basu S, Baron-Cohen S (June 2009). "Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome". Autism Research. 2 (3): 157–77. doi:10.1002/aur.80. PMID19598235.
Rainesalo S, Saransaari P, Peltola J, Keränen T (March 2003). "Uptake of GABA and activity of GABA-transaminase in platelets from epileptic patients". Epilepsy Research. 53 (3): 233–9. doi:10.1016/s0920-1211(03)00030-5. PMID12694932.
Jaeken J, Casaer P, de Cock P, Corbeel L, Eeckels R, Eggermont E, Schechter PJ, Brucher JM (August 1984). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid-transaminase deficiency: a newly recognized inborn error of neurotransmitter metabolism". Neuropediatrics. 15 (3): 165–9. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1052362. PMID6148708.
Hearl WG, Churchich JE (September 1984). "Interactions between 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, two mitochondrial enzymes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (18): 11459–63. PMID6470007.