Myeloproliferative neoplasm differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hannan Javed, M.D.[2] Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD [3] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [4] Shyam Patel [5]

Overview

Myeloproliferative neoplasm must be differentiated from myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia, [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and lymphoproliferative disorder. Each of these conditions has unique set of causes, laboratory abnormalities, physical exam findings, and therapies.

Differentiating Myelodysplastic Syndrome

ABBREVIATIONS

N/A: Not available, NL: Normal, FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, PUD: Peptic ulcer disease, EPO: Erythropoietin, LFTs: Liver function tests, RFTs: Renal function tests, LAP: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, LAD: Leukocyte alkaline dehydrgenase, WBCs: White blood cells.

Disease		Clinical manifestations		Diagnosis										Other features
		Symptoms	Signs	CBC & Peripheral smear								Bone marrow biopsy	Other investigations
				WBCs						Hb	Plt
				WBC	Blasts	Left shift	Baso- phils	Eosino- phils	Mono- cytes	Hb	Plt
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL1+^[1]^[2]		Asymptomatic Constitutional Hyperviscosity and/or anemia related Bleeding Infection	Splenomegaly (46–76%) Purpura Anemia related Priapism	↑	<2%	+	↑	↑	↑	↓	NL	Hypercellurarity with ↑ granuloscytosis and ↓ erythrocytosis Fibrosis	FISH for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) for BCR-ABL	Granulocytic dysplasia is minimal/absent May present with blast crisis Absolute leukocytosis (median of 100,000/µL) Classic myelocyte bulge thrombocytopenia indicates advanced stage
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)^[3]^[4]^[5]		Asymptomatic Constitutional symptoms Bleeding Infection	Splenomegaly Heptomegaly Purpura Anemia related	↑	Minimal	+	NL	NL	NL	↓	↓	Uniforme and intense hypercellularity with minimal to none fibrosis Neutrophil toxic granulations and Dohle bodies	FISH Imaging for hepatosplenomegaly ↑ LDH ↑ B12 levels	Associationed with polycythemia vera and plasma cell disorders Leukocytosis with chronic neutrophilia
Polycythemia vera (PV)^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]		Constitutional Thromboembolism and bleeding Pruritus after a warm bath PUD related	Facial ruddiness Related to underlying cause Splenomegaly Renal bruit	NL or ↑	None	-	↑ or ↓	NL or ↑	NL	↑↑	NL	Hypercellularity for age with tri-lineage growth Myelofibrosis (in up to 20% of patients)	Radioisotope studies Serum EPO levels LFTs RFTs Imaging studies ↓ Serum ferritin ↓ Folate levels ↑↑ B12 levels	May transform into myelofibrosis or leukemia
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]		Constitutional Anemia related Bleeding Infection Abdominal Pain	Hepatosplenomegaly Petechiae & ecchymoses Abdominal distension Lymphadenopathy	↓	Erythroblasts	-	Absent	NL	NL	↓	↓	Variable with fibrosis or hypercellularity	JAK2 mutation CALR mutation MPL mutation ↑ LAP ↑ LAD ↑ Uric acid ↑ B12 levels	Bone marrow aspiration shows a dry tap Variable with leukocytosis or leukopenia
Essential thrombocythemia (ET)^[14]^[15]^[16]		Headache Dizziness Visual disturbances Priapism Acute chest pain	Splenomegaly Skin bruises	NL or ↑	None	-	↓ or absent	NL	NL	↓	↑↑	Normal/Hypercellular	JAK2 mutation CALR mutation MPL mutation	Thrombosis Hemorrhage Pregnancy loss
Disease		Symptoms	Sign	WBC	Blasts	Left shift	Baso- phils	Eosino- phils	Mono- cytes	Hb	Plt	Bone marrow biopsy	Other investigations	Other features
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS)^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]		Constitutional Rash Rhinitis Gastritis Thromboembolism related	Hypertension Eczema, mucosal ulcers, erythema Angioedema Ataxia Anemia Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly	↑	Present	+	↑	↑↑	↑	↓	↓	Hypercelluar with ↑ eosinophilic precursors, ↑ eosinophils, and atypical mononuclear cells	FISH Cytogenetic analysis of purified eosinophils and X-chromosome inactivation analysis ↑ B12 levels ↑ LDH	Heart failure Lung fibrosis Encephalopathy Erythema annulare centrifugam
MPN, unclassifiable		Similar to other myeloproliferative neoplasms	Similar to other myeloproliferative neoplasms	↑	Variable	±	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↑	↑ megakaryocyte proliferation with variable hypercellularity in granulocytic or erythrocytic cell lines	May resemble other myeloproliferative neoplasms	Similar to other myeloprolifeartive neoplasms but do not fulfil the criteria to be classified to a specific type
Mastocytosis^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]		Constitutional Pruritus & Flushing Urticaria & Blisters Hypotension & PUD Bleeding Bronchoconstriction	Mastocytosis exanthema Blistering Swelling Lymphadenopathy Bleeding Fibrosis	↑	None	-	NL	↑	NL	↓	↓ or ↑	Multifocal dense infiltrates of mast cells with atypical morphology in >25 %	Cytogenetic analysis for c-KIT receptor mutations Serum tryptase levels 24-hour urine test for N-methyl histamine and 11-beta-prostaglandine ↑ Alkaline phosphatase ↑ LDH	Skin most commonly involved Susceptibility to anaphylaxix Osteoporosis
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1, or with PCM1-JAK2^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]		Asymptomatic Constitutional Rash Cough & breathlessness Peripheral neuropathy/ encephalopathy	Fever Lymphadenopathy	↑	NL	-	NL	↑	↑	NL	↓	Myeloid expansion with eosinophilia	FISH shows t(8;13) and t(8;22)	May present or evolve into acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia Leukocytosis (30 - 59 × 10⁹/L
Disease		Symptoms	Sign	WBC	Blasts	Left shift	Baso- phils	Eosino- phils	Mono- cytes	Hb	Plt	Bone marrow biopsy	Other investigations	Other features
B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma^[29]^[30]		Constitutional Anemia related Bleeding Infection Bone pain	Pallor Petechiae Organomegaly Lymphadenopathy	NL or ↑	>25%	N/A	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↓	Hypercellular with blast infilterationwith or without myelodysplasia	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry FISH Auer bodies	May present as extramedullary disease (Myeloid sarcoma)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)^[31]^[32]		Constitutional Anemia related Bleeding Infection	Pallor Petechiae Organomegaly	↓	Variable	-	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	Hypercellular/ normocellular bone marrow with dysplastic changes	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry Macro-ovalocytes Basophilic stippling Howell-Jolly body	Leukemia transformation Acquired pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and related neoplasms^[33]^[34]		Constitutional Anemia related Bleeding Bone pain Joint pain Infections	Infection related Pallor Leukemia cutis Bruising & petechiae Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly	NL or ↑	↑	N/A	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↓	Increased immaturemyeloid cells with dysplasia	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry FISH ↑ Potassium ↑ Uric acid ↑ Phosphorus ↓ Calcium ↑ LDH	Common in Down syndrome
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]		Cutaneous symptoms (brown/purple nodular lesions) on face, scalp, lower limb & trunk	Brown/violaceous bruise like lesions Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly	NL	↑		NL	NL	NL	↓	↓	Malignant cells	Immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry for CD4 & CD56 Neutropenia	TdT expression positive May develop chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)
Disease		Symptoms	Sign	WBC	Blasts	Left shift	Baso- phils	Eosino- phils	Mono- cytes	Hb	Plt	Bone marrow biopsy	Other investigations	Other features
Myelodysplastic /myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN)	Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)^[39] ^[40]^[41]	Constitutional Anemia related Bleeding Infections Bone pain Leukemia Cutis	Organomegaly Bruising	↑	< 20%		NL	↑	↑↑	↓	↓	Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative feature	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry ↑ LDH	Overlapping of both, MDS and MPN Absolute monocytosis > 1 × 10⁹/L (defining feature) MD-CMML:WBC ≤ 13 × 10⁹/L (FAB) MP-CMML:WBC > 13 × 10⁹/L (FAB)
	Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), BCR-ABL1-^[42]^[43]	Asymptomatic Constitutional Hyperviscosity and/or anemia related Bleeding Infection	Splenomegaly (46–76%) Purpura Anemia related Priapism	↑	<20%	+	<2% of WBCs	N/A	N/A	↓	↓	Granulocytic hyperplasia with prominent dysplasia	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry	Granulocytic dysplasia is prominent Absence of BCR-ABL or PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 rearrangements WBC > 13 × 10⁹/L
	Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)^[44]^[45]	Infections Anemia related	Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Rash	↑	↑	N/A	N/A	N/A	↑	↓	↓	Hypercelluar with ↑ myeloid cells in stages of maturation	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry ↓ Serum Iron ↑ B12 levels	Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
	MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T)^[46]^[47]^[48]	Constitutional Anemia related Thrombosis	Variable	NL or ↑	NL	-	NL	N/A	N/A	↓	↑	Hypercellularity with dyserythropoiesis and increased megakaryocytes	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry ↑ Serum Iron	Large atypical megakaryocytes Ringed sideroblasts SF3B1 mutation
Disease		Symptoms	Sign	WBC	Blasts	Left shift	Baso- phils	Eosino- phils	Mono- cytes	Hb	Plt	Bone marrow biopsy	Other investigations	Other features
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma	T-lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma^[49]^[50]^[51]	Constitutional Anemia Related Bleeding Superior vena cava syndrome	Lymphadenopathy Mediastinal mass Pleural effusions Tracheal obstruction Pericardial effusions	↑	>25% blasts (Leukemia) <25% blasts (Lymphoma)	±	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↓	Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors	Cytogenetic analysis Flow cytometry FISH ↑ LDH Positive for TdT	May involve brain, skin, and testes.
	Provisional entity: Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymph^[52]	Constitutional Anemia Related Bleeding Superior vena cava syndrome	Lymphadenopathy Mediastinal mass Pleural effusions Tracheal obstruction Pericardial effusions	↑	↑	±	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↓	N/A	Cytogenetic analysis FISH Flow cytometry ↑ LDH	Similar to T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia but may have more aggressive clinical course. Diagnosis is usually based on presence of CD56 expression, and T-cell-associated markers such as CD2 and CD7. B-cell markers are absent.
	Provisional entity: Early T-cell precursor lymphoblastic leukemia^[53]^[54]	Constitutional Anemia Related Bleeding Superior vena cava syndrome	Lymphadenopathy Mediastinal mass Pleural effusions Tracheal obstruction Pericardial effusions	↑	↑	±	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↑ or ↓	↓	↓	Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors	Cytogenetic analysis FISH Flow cytometry ↑ LDH	Similar to T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia but is more aggressive clinically and cell are characterized by cytometry as CD1a⁻, CD8⁻, CD5⁻ (dim), and positivity for 1 or more stem cell or myeloid antigens. Gene expression indicates more immature cells as compared to other subtypes of T-cell neoplasms.

Differentiating Myeloproliferative neoplasm from other Diseases

Characteristic	Causes	Laboratory abnormalities	Physical examination	Therapy	Other associations
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	JAK2 mutation CALR mutation MPL mutation BCR-ABL translocation CSF3R mutation SETBP1 mutation PDGFRA or PDGFRB rearrangement	Elevated hemoglobin Elevated white blood cell count Elevated platelet count Elevated eosinophil and/or neutrophil count Bone marrow fibrosis	Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Evidence of infection Pallor	Ruxolitinib Hydroxyurea Anagrelide Imatinib Midostaurin Stem cell transplant	Variable features based on the subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm
Myelodysplastic syndrome	Prior exposure to alkylating agents Prior exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors Age-related changes in hematopoietic stem cells Deletion of chromosome 5q or 7 Gain of chromosome 8	Dysplasia in at least 10% of cells of at least 1 cell line Low white blood cell count Anemia Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia	Mucosal bleeding Petechiae Ecchymoses Evidence of infection Pallor	Lenalidomide Decitabine Azacitidine Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) Transfusion support Stem cell transplant for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome	Age-related changes in the bone marrow contribute to myelodysplastic syndrome
Acute myeloid leukemia	Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations Prior exposure to benzene Prior exposure to alkylating agents Prior exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors Germline RUNX1 mutation	Anemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Elevated LDH Elevated uric acid Elevated phosphorus Elevated potassium Low calcium Greater than 20% myeloblasts on bone marrow aspirate^[55]	Pyrexia Evidence of infection Pallor Mucosal bleeding Bruising	Cytarabine Anthracycline Enasidenib Liposomal daunorubicin plus cytarabine Gemtuzumab ozogamycin Midostaurin Stem cell transplant	Variable prognosis based on cytogenetic and molecular profile Four new FDA-approved therapies became available in 2017
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations	Anemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Elevated LDH Elevated uric acid Elevated phosphorus Elevated potassium Low calcium Greater than 20% lymphoblasts on bone marrow aspirate	Neurologic deficits Pallor Lymphadenopathy	HyperCVAD (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone)^[56] R-HyperCVAD (inclusion of rituximab) Peg-asparaginase Intrathecal methotrexate Intrathecal cytarabine Blinatumomab (bispecific T cell engager) Inotuzumab ozogamycin (anti-CD22 antibody) Tisagenlecleucel (chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy) Stem cell transplant	Sanctuary sites include the central nervous system (CNS) and testes^[57]
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia	MYD88 mutation Lymphoplasmacytic cell proliferation	Elevated immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein Presence of M-spike on protein electrophoresis Elevated serum free light chains (kappa and lambda) Increased serum viscosity	Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Retinal vascular dilation and thrombosis Decreased visual acuity Headache	Rituximab Ibrutinib Plasmapheresis	MYD88 mutation testing is standard-of-care Plasmapheresis should be initiated if symptoms of hyperviscosity are present Typically does not require stem cell transplant
Lymphoproliferative disorder^[58]	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human T cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Post-transplant status (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)) Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations Rheumatologic disease	Elevated lymphocyte count with presence of clonality Anemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia	Lymph node enlargement Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly	Variable based on the etiology Cytotoxic chemotherapy Antiviral agents Biologic therapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies Tapering immunosuppressive medications (for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)	Can be due to a variety of causes Variable prognosis

References

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↑ Livio Pagano, Caterina Giovanna Valentini, Alessandro Pulsoni, Simona Fisogni, Paola Carluccio, Francesco Mannelli, Monia Lunghi, Gianmatteo Pica, Francesco Onida, Chiara Cattaneo, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Eros Di Bona, Elisabetta Todisco, Pellegrino Musto, Antonio Spadea, Alfonso D'Arco, Stefano Pileri, Giuseppe Leone, Sergio Amadori & Fabio Facchetti (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with leukemic presentation: an Italian multicenter study". Haematologica. 98 (2): 239–246. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.072645. PMID 23065521. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Joseph D. Khoury (2018). "Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm". Current hematologic malignancy reports. 13 (6): 477–483. doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0489-z. PMID 30350260. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Shinichiro Sukegawa, Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto, Ryota Matsuoka, Haruka Momose, Yusuke Kiyoki, Masayuki Noguchi, Naoya Nakamura, Rei Watanabe, Manabu Fujimoto, Yasuhisa Yokoyama, Hidekazu Nishikii, Takayasu Kato, Manabu Kusakabe, Naoki Kurita, Naoshi Obara, Yuichi Hasegawa & Shigeru Chiba (2018). "[Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm accompanied by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia successfully treated with azacitidine]". [[[Rinsho ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology]]. 59 (12): 2567–2573. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.59.2567. PMID 30626790.
↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (June 2016). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (6): 631–42. doi:10.1002/ajh.24396. PMID 27185207.
↑ Parikh SA, Tefferi A (June 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (6): 610–9. doi:10.1002/ajh.23203. PMID 22615103.
↑ Benton CB, Nazha A, Pemmaraju N, Garcia-Manero G (August 2015). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Forefront of the field in 2015". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 95 (2): 222–42. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.03.002. PMC 4859155. PMID 25869097.
↑ Dao KH, Tyner JW (2015). "What's different about atypical CML and chronic neutrophilic leukemia?". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 264–71. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.264. PMC 5266507. PMID 26637732.
↑ Muramatsu H, Makishima H, Maciejewski JP (February 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and atypical chronic myeloid leukemia: novel pathogenetic lesions". Semin. Oncol. 39 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.11.004. PMC 3523950. PMID 22289493.
↑ Aricò M, Biondi A, Pui CH (July 1997). "Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia". Blood. 90 (2): 479–88. PMID 9226148.
↑ Hasle H (March 1994). "Myelodysplastic syndromes in childhood--classification, epidemiology, and treatment". Leuk. Lymphoma. 13 (1–2): 11–26. doi:10.3109/10428199409051647. PMID 8025513.
↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (March 2017). "Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS-T): 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 92 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1002/ajh.24637. PMID 28188970.
↑ Alshaban A, Padilla O, Philipovskiy A, Corral J, McAlice M, Gaur S (2018). "Lenalidomide induced durable remission in a patient with MDS/MPN-with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis with associated 5q- syndrome". Leuk Res Rep. 10: 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.08.001. PMID 30186759.
↑ Bouchla A, Papageorgiou SG, Tsakiraki Z, Glezou E, Pavlidis G, Stavroulaki G, Bazani E, Foukas P, Pappa V (2018). "Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient with MDS/MPN with Ring Sideroblasts and Thrombocytosis-A Case Report". Case Rep Hematol. 2018: 2525070. doi:10.1155/2018/2525070. PMC 6247723. PMID 30524760.
↑ You MJ, Medeiros LJ, Hsi ED (September 2015). "T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 144 (3): 411–22. doi:10.1309/AJCPMF03LVSBLHPJ. PMID 26276771.
↑ Patel KJ, Latif SU, de Calaca WM (March 2009). "An unusual presentation of precursor T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with cholestatic jaundice: case report". J Hematol Oncol. 2: 12. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-2-12. PMC 2663564. PMID 19284608.
↑ Elreda L, Sandhu M, Sun X, Bekele W, Cohen AJ, Shah M (2014). "T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: relapse 16 years after first remission". Case Rep Hematol. 2014: 359158. doi:10.1155/2014/359158. PMC 4005062. PMID 24822133.
↑ Sedick Q, Alotaibi S, Alshieban S, Naheet KB, Elyamany G (2017). "Natural Killer Cell Lymphoblastic Leukaemia/Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of the Recent Literature". Case Rep Oncol. 10 (2): 588–595. doi:10.1159/000477843. PMID 28868017.
↑ Jain N, Lamb AV, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Konopleva M, Jabbour E, Zuo Z, Jorgensen J, Lin P, Pierce S, Thomas D, Rytting M, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Khoury JD (April 2016). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ETP-ALL/LBL) in adolescents and adults: a high-risk subtype". Blood. 127 (15): 1863–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-08-661702. PMC 4915808. PMID 26747249.
↑ Haydu JE, Ferrando AA (July 2013). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 20 (4): 369–73. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283623c61. PMC 3886681. PMID 23695450.
↑ Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T; et al. (2017). "Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel". Blood. 129 (4): 424–447. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196. PMC 5291965. PMID 27895058.
↑ Terwilliger T, Abdul-Hay M (2017). "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update". Blood Cancer J. 7 (6): e577. doi:10.1038/bcj.2017.53. PMC 5520400. PMID 28665419.
↑ Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG (2013). "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 381 (9881): 1943–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62187-4. PMC 3816716. PMID 23523389.
↑ Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG; et al. (2017). "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3: 16096. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.96. PMC 5336551. PMID 28102226.

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[26] Paolo Strati, Guilin Tang, Dzifa Y. Duose, Saradhi Mallampati, Rajyalakshmi Luthra, Keyur P. Patel, Mohammad Hussaini, Abu-Sayeef Mirza, Rami S. Komrokji, Stephen Oh, John Mascarenhas, Vesna Najfeld, Vivek Subbiah, Hagop Kantarjian, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Srdan Verstovsek & Naval Daver (2018). "Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement". Leukemia & lymphoma. 59 (7): 1672–1676. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1397663. PMID 29119847. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[27] Ximena Montenegro-Garreaud, Roberto N. Miranda, Alexandra Reynolds, Guilin Tang, Sa A. Wang, Mariko Yabe, Wei Wang, Lianghua Fang, Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, Pei Lin, L. Jeffrey Medeiros & Xinyan Lu (2017). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms with t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2)/BCR-FGFR1: a meta-analysis of 20 cases shows cytogenetic progression with B-lymphoid blast phase". Human pathology. 65: 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.05.008. PMID 28551329. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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[35] F. Julia, T. Petrella, M. Beylot-Barry, M. Bagot, D. Lipsker, L. Machet, P. Joly, O. Dereure, M. Wetterwald, M. d'Incan, F. Grange, J. Cornillon, G. Tertian, E. Maubec, P. Saiag, S. Barete, I. Templier, F. Aubin & S. Dalle (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: clinical features in 90 patients". The British journal of dermatology. 169 (3): 579–586. doi:10.1111/bjd.12412. PMID 23646868. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[36] Livio Pagano, Caterina Giovanna Valentini, Alessandro Pulsoni, Simona Fisogni, Paola Carluccio, Francesco Mannelli, Monia Lunghi, Gianmatteo Pica, Francesco Onida, Chiara Cattaneo, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Eros Di Bona, Elisabetta Todisco, Pellegrino Musto, Antonio Spadea, Alfonso D'Arco, Stefano Pileri, Giuseppe Leone, Sergio Amadori & Fabio Facchetti (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with leukemic presentation: an Italian multicenter study". Haematologica. 98 (2): 239–246. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.072645. PMID 23065521. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[37] Joseph D. Khoury (2018). "Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm". Current hematologic malignancy reports. 13 (6): 477–483. doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0489-z. PMID 30350260. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[38] Shinichiro Sukegawa, Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto, Ryota Matsuoka, Haruka Momose, Yusuke Kiyoki, Masayuki Noguchi, Naoya Nakamura, Rei Watanabe, Manabu Fujimoto, Yasuhisa Yokoyama, Hidekazu Nishikii, Takayasu Kato, Manabu Kusakabe, Naoki Kurita, Naoshi Obara, Yuichi Hasegawa & Shigeru Chiba (2018). "[Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm accompanied by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia successfully treated with azacitidine]". [[[Rinsho ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology]]. 59 (12): 2567–2573. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.59.2567. PMID 30626790.

[pmid27185207-39] Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (June 2016). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (6): 631–42. doi:10.1002/ajh.24396. PMID 27185207.

[pmid22615103-40] Parikh SA, Tefferi A (June 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (6): 610–9. doi:10.1002/ajh.23203. PMID 22615103.

[pmid25869097-41] Benton CB, Nazha A, Pemmaraju N, Garcia-Manero G (August 2015). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Forefront of the field in 2015". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 95 (2): 222–42. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.03.002. PMC 4859155. PMID 25869097.

[pmid26637732-42] Dao KH, Tyner JW (2015). "What's different about atypical CML and chronic neutrophilic leukemia?". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 264–71. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.264. PMC 5266507. PMID 26637732.

[pmid22289493-43] Muramatsu H, Makishima H, Maciejewski JP (February 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and atypical chronic myeloid leukemia: novel pathogenetic lesions". Semin. Oncol. 39 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.11.004. PMC 3523950. PMID 22289493.

[pmid9226148-44] Aricò M, Biondi A, Pui CH (July 1997). "Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia". Blood. 90 (2): 479–88. PMID 9226148.

[pmid80255132-45] Hasle H (March 1994). "Myelodysplastic syndromes in childhood--classification, epidemiology, and treatment". Leuk. Lymphoma. 13 (1–2): 11–26. doi:10.3109/10428199409051647. PMID 8025513.

[pmid28188970-46] Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (March 2017). "Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS-T): 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 92 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1002/ajh.24637. PMID 28188970.

[pmid30186759-47] Alshaban A, Padilla O, Philipovskiy A, Corral J, McAlice M, Gaur S (2018). "Lenalidomide induced durable remission in a patient with MDS/MPN-with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis with associated 5q- syndrome". Leuk Res Rep. 10: 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.08.001. PMID 30186759.

[pmid30524760-48] Bouchla A, Papageorgiou SG, Tsakiraki Z, Glezou E, Pavlidis G, Stavroulaki G, Bazani E, Foukas P, Pappa V (2018). "Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient with MDS/MPN with Ring Sideroblasts and Thrombocytosis-A Case Report". Case Rep Hematol. 2018: 2525070. doi:10.1155/2018/2525070. PMC 6247723. PMID 30524760.

[pmid26276771-49] You MJ, Medeiros LJ, Hsi ED (September 2015). "T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 144 (3): 411–22. doi:10.1309/AJCPMF03LVSBLHPJ. PMID 26276771.

[pmid19284608-50] Patel KJ, Latif SU, de Calaca WM (March 2009). "An unusual presentation of precursor T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with cholestatic jaundice: case report". J Hematol Oncol. 2: 12. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-2-12. PMC 2663564. PMID 19284608.

[pmid24822133-51] Elreda L, Sandhu M, Sun X, Bekele W, Cohen AJ, Shah M (2014). "T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: relapse 16 years after first remission". Case Rep Hematol. 2014: 359158. doi:10.1155/2014/359158. PMC 4005062. PMID 24822133.

[pmid28868017-52] Sedick Q, Alotaibi S, Alshieban S, Naheet KB, Elyamany G (2017). "Natural Killer Cell Lymphoblastic Leukaemia/Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of the Recent Literature". Case Rep Oncol. 10 (2): 588–595. doi:10.1159/000477843. PMID 28868017.

[pmid26747249-53] Jain N, Lamb AV, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Konopleva M, Jabbour E, Zuo Z, Jorgensen J, Lin P, Pierce S, Thomas D, Rytting M, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Khoury JD (April 2016). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ETP-ALL/LBL) in adolescents and adults: a high-risk subtype". Blood. 127 (15): 1863–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-08-661702. PMC 4915808. PMID 26747249.

[pmid23695450-54] Haydu JE, Ferrando AA (July 2013). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 20 (4): 369–73. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283623c61. PMC 3886681. PMID 23695450.

[pmid27895058-55] Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T; et al. (2017). "Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel". Blood. 129 (4): 424–447. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196. PMC 5291965. PMID 27895058.

[pmid28665419-56] Terwilliger T, Abdul-Hay M (2017). "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update". Blood Cancer J. 7 (6): e577. doi:10.1038/bcj.2017.53. PMC 5520400. PMID 28665419.

[pmid23523389-57] Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG (2013). "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 381 (9881): 1943–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62187-4. PMC 3816716. PMID 23523389.

[pmid28102226-58] Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG; et al. (2017). "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3: 16096. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.96. PMC 5336551. PMID 28102226.

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Myeloproliferative neoplasm differential diagnosis

Overview

Differentiating Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Differentiating Myeloproliferative neoplasm from other Diseases

References

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