Carcinoid syndrome risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]
Overiew
Common risk factors in the development of carcinoid syndrome include age (50 years or older), female gender, family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 1, atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of carcinoid syndrome include:[1]
- Age (50 years or older)
- Gender:female
- Race:African Americans
- Family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
- Family history of neurofibromatosis type 1
- Genetic syndromes such as
- Tuberous sclerosis complex
- Von Hippel Lindau disease
- Familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor[2]
- Risk factors for carcinoid tumours of stomach
References
- ↑ Health history can affect the risk of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/patient/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq
- ↑ Sei Y, Zhao X, Forbes J, Szymczak S, Li Q, Trivedi A, Voellinger M, Joy G, Feng J, Whatley M, Jones MS, Harper UL, Marx SJ, Venkatesan AM, Chandrasekharappa SC, Raffeld M, Quezado MM, Louie A, Chen CC, Lim RM, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA, Hughes MS, Bailey-Wilson JE, Wank SA (July 2015). "A Hereditary Form of Small Intestinal Carcinoid Associated With a Germline Mutation in Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase". Gastroenterology. 149 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.008. PMC 4858647. PMID 25865046.