Waldenström's macroglobulinemia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2], Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [3], Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[4]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[5]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of Waldenström macroglobulinemia are monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, heredity, hepatitis C, autoimmune disorders and allergic conditions.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include:[1]
- Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS):
- Pre-existing monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is the most common risk factor, associated with 40 times more likelihood of developing Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
- Hepatitis C:
- Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection have an overall 20-30% increased risk for developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM.[4][5][6]
- Autoimmune Diseases:
- Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with auto-antibodies leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
- Allergic conditions:
- Hay fever is also known to be associated with increased risk of WM.
References
- ↑ Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. American Cancer Society (2015)http://www.cancer.org/cancer/waldenstrommacroglobulinemia/detailedguide/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia-risk-factors Accessed on November 6, 2015
- ↑ Treon SP, Hunter ZR, Aggarwal A, Ewen EP, Masota S, Lee C; et al. (2006). "Characterization of familial Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Ann Oncol. 17 (3): 488–94. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj111. PMID 16357024.
- ↑ McMaster ML, Csako G, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez L, Berg M, Saddlemire S; et al. (2007). "Long-term evaluation of three multiple-case Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia families". Clin Cancer Res. 13 (17): 5063–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0299. PMID 17785558.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kristinsson SY, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I, Landgren O (2008). "Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden". Blood. 112 (8): 3052–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768. PMC 2569164. PMID 18703425.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O (2008). "Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia". Arch Intern Med. 168 (17): 1903–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4. PMC 2670401. PMID 18809818.
- ↑ de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM; et al. (2008). "Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6 (4): 451–8. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011. PMC 3962672. PMID 18387498.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I; et al. (2010). "Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 (8): 557–67. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq043. PMC 2857799. PMID 20181958.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J; et al. (2008). "Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium". Blood. 111 (8): 4029–38. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974. PMC 2288717. PMID 18263783.
- ↑ Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH; et al. (2006). "Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 98 (18): 1321–30. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj361. PMID 16985251.