Cardiac tamponade causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Cardiac tamponade is caused by the accumulation of a large or uncontrolled pericardial effusion. ^[1] The effusion can occur rapidly (as in the case of trauma or myocardial rupture), or over a more gradual period of time (as in cancer). The fluid involved is often blood, but pus is also found in some circumstances. ^[2] Common causes of increased pericardial effusion include hypothyroidism, trauma (either penetrating trauma involving the pericardium or blunt chest trauma), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium), iatrogenic trauma (during an invasive procedure), and ventricular rupture.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Any cause of pericardial effusion capable of compromising the hemodynamic status of a patient is potentially life threatening.

Common Causes

Ascending aortic dissection
Collagen vascular diseases
Iatrogenic - central line insertion, pacemaker insertion, coronary interventions, myocardial biopsy
Idiopathic
Malignancy - breast cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lung cancer, lymphomas
Penetrating trauma
Pericarditis

Bacteria - pneumococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus

Fungus - blastomyces, cryptococcus, histoplasma, pneumocystis carinii

Tuberculous

Virus - coxsackie virus, echovirus, CMV

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dressler's syndrome, Kawasaki disease, myocardial rupture, pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm
Chemical / poisoning
Dermatologic	Behcet syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Anticoagulants, bleomycin, Ceritinib, Cyclophosphamide, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, penicillin, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, procainamide
Ear Nose Throat	Temporal arteritis
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's disease
Genetic
Hematologic	Leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic	Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation, TAVI, thoracic surgery, valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, adenovirus, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, brucellosis, candida, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B Virus, cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, echinococcus, echovirus, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, histoplasmosis, influenza, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma pnuemonia, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococci, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococci, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	Breast cancer, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, sarcoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Bronchogenic cyst, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, Behcet syndrome, collagen vascular disease, Dressler's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886
↑ Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886

Template:WS Template:WH CME Category::Cardiology

[1] Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886

[2] Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886

[1]

[2]