Patent foramen ovale diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The diagnostic study of choice for patent foramen ovale is contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE).

Test	Sensitivity	Specificity
Transesophageal echocardiography	89%	100%
Transthoracic echocardiography	46%	99%
Transcranial doppler	96%