Pacemaker syndrome historical perspective

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

• Since the implantation of artificial pacemaker in 1958, cases of decreased cardiac output due to ventricular pacing have been reported.

• Majority of the patients had increased total peripheral resistance due to aortic and carotid reflexes activity resulting from reduced cardiac output.

Historical Perspective

• Pacemaker syndrome was first described in 1969 by Mitsui et al. as a collection of symptoms associated with right ventricular pacing.

• The name pacemaker syndrome was first coined by Erbel in 1979.

• Since its first discovery, there have been many definitions of pacemaker syndrome, and the understanding of the cause of pacemaker syndrome is still under investigation.

• In a general sense, pacemaker syndrome can be defined as the symptoms associated with right ventricular pacing relieved with the return of A-V and V-V synchrony.

• In 1994 Furman redefined pacemaker syndrome to include loss of AV synchrony, retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction and absence of rate response to general physiologic requirement.