Headache differential diagnosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabeeh Islam, MBBS[2]
Disease | History and Physical Examination | PMHx | Diagnostic approach | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unilateral | Bilateral | Throbbing character | Autonomic symptoms | Fever | Photophobia | Aphasia | LOC | Aura | Nause/vomiting | Rash | Neck stiffness | Vision changes | Facial tenderness | Neurologic deficits | Labs and CSF findings | CT/MRI | Gold standard test | ||
Migraine | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | Trigger factors, family hx | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Tension-type headache (TTH) | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | stress, genetics | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Cluster headache | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | episodic history | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Seizure | - | + | - | - | - | - | +/- | + | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | Hx of seizures | prolactin level | +/- mass lesion | EEG |
Meningitis | - | + | - | - | + | +/- | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | + | - | - | + | Hx of fever, malaise | <math>\uparrow</math>WBC
<math>\uparrow</math>Protein <math>\downarrow</math>glucose |
+/- | CSF analysis |
Encephalitis | - | + | +/- | - | + | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | + | - | - | + | Hx of fever, malaise | elevated WBC, low glucose | + | CSF PCR |
Brain tumor | - | + | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | weight loss, fatigue | neuromarkers | +/- mass | MRI |
Subdural hemorrhage | -/+ | -/+ | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | ||||||||||||
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | -/+ | + | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | ||||||||||||
Hypertensive encephalopathy | - | + | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | ||||||||||||
CNS abscess | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | + | - | +/- | ||||||||||||
Conversion disorder | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | +/- | ||||||||||||
Multiple sclerosis | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
Hemorrhagic stroke | -/+ | -/+ | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | ||||||||||||
Neurosyphilis | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
Wernicke’s encephalopathy | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | +/- | Clinical assesment and lab findings | |||||||||||
Drug toxicity | - | -/+ | - | - | +/- | - | - | ||||||||||||
Metabolic disturbances | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
NPH | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
Sinusitis | - | -/+ | - | - | +/- | - | - |