COVID-19-associated seizure
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mandana Safakhah, MD[2] Tayebah Chaudhry[3] Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[4]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Seizure refers to an episode of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain followed by return to normal state. Seizures manifest as abnormal uncontrolled shaking movements that involve much of the body with loss of consciousness, shaking movements of part of the body with variable level of consciousness or a subtle momentary loss of consciousness. As COVID-19 (caused by SARS-Cov2) is now known to have several neurological complications, seizure is one of the complications seen in a few cases so far. Brain waive activity can be seen on EEG to confirm diagnosis since structural changes are very rarely seen on brain imaging. Anti-seizure medications are used for symptomatic treatment of seizure along with treatment of COVID-19.
Historical Perspective
- First case of seizure in COVID-19 patient was documented by Moriguchi et al[1]. These symptoms were a result of meningitis/encephalitis caused by SARS-Cov-2.
- To view the historical perspective of COVID-19, click here.
Classification
Pathophysiology
- Neurological complications caused by COVID-19 are through direct or indirect pathways. This includes hematogenous pathway, neuronal retrograde dissemination through olfactory bulb, entry into to glial cells and neurons via ACE2 receptor and impairment of gas exchange in lungs leading to anemia, hence increasing anaerobic metabolites in brain resulting in cellular and interstitial edema [5]
- Seizures in a patient with COVID-19 may be due to primary virus infection or due to reactivation of the latent virus.
- Infiltration of the brain tissue by the virus and subsequent production of toxins by the virus is one of the several mechanisms that can cause seizures in a COVID-19 patient. [6]
- Production of inflammatory mediators by the brain may also trigger seizures.
- Inflammatory cytokines that are released as a result of inflammatory cascade provoked by COVID-19 include interleukin 2,6,7, and 10, TNF-α and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Consequently, activation of glutamate receptors by the cytokines causes neuronal hyperexcitability and development of seizures. [6]
Causes
The aetiology of seizure regardless whether it is covid-19 or not ,is divided into two categories:
- 'Provoked seizures : these seizures usually have a temporary trigger such as CNS infection,electrolytes disturbance, withdrawal syndrome,sepsis ,fever, sleep deprivation and stroke.
- Unprovoked seizures: In this catrgory ,there isn't any obvious cause or precipitating factor .[7]
Differentiating COVID-19-associated seizure from other Diseases
Apart from infectious causes, the differential diagnosis of seizures should include:
- Epilepsy
- Drug overdose
- Toxins
- Metabolic imbalance
- Febrile convulsions
- Psychogenic seizures
- Cerebral hypoxia
Epidemiology and Demographics
- More data is required to comment on epidemiology and demographics of COVID-19-associated seizure.
- One study, specifically investigated the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and documented CNS manifestations in 25% of the patients [headache (13%), dizziness (17%), impaired consciousness (8%), acute cerebrovascular problems (3%), ataxia (0.5), and seizures (0.5%)][8]
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for covid-19 associated seizure.
- To view the risk factors of COVID-19, click here.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for covid-19 associated seizure.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
The global case fatality rate is currently estimated to be 4.6% according to WHO , 9th,June. .The covid-19 fatality rate depends on several factors such as:
- patient demographics
- availability of health care
- test limitation
Also , the more comorbidities the patient has ,the poorer covid-19 clinical output would be. Some of the prognostic factor of covid-19 are listed as below:
- Above 65 years old
- smoking
- male sex
- elevated inflammatory markers
- elevated D-Dimer
- elevated interleukin 6
- thrombocytopenia
- high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
- higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score.[9]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of COVID-19-associated seizure is made through:
Other diagnostic tests include:
- CT scan brain
- MRI brain
- Blood test
- Lumbar puncture
- Toxicology screening
History
- Neurotropism is one common feature of coronaviruses[11][12].
- COVID-19 document CNS manifestations in 25% of the patients, headache (13%), dizziness (17%), impaired consciousness (8%), acute cerebrovascular problems (3%), ataxia (0.5), and seizures (0.5%)[13].
Symptoms
General symptoms or aura in a patient with include:
- Staring
- Jerking movements of the arms and legs
- Stiffening of the body
- Loss of consciousness
- Breathing problems
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Falling suddenly for no apparent reason, especially when associated with loss of consciousness
- Not responding to noise or words for brief periods
- Appearing confused or in a haze
- Nodding your head rhythmically, when associated with loss of awareness or loss of consciousness
- Periods of rapid eye blinking and staring
Physical Examination
- Vital Signs: Tachycardia may be present.
- Postictal drowsiness or confusion.
- Finding a bite to the side of the tongue, when present, is helpful in making the diagnosis.
Laboratory Findings
Postictal levels of the following may be elevated in a patient with seizures:
- Prolactin (within 20 minutes after a convulsive event)
- Lactate (within 1 to 2 hours)
- Ammonia (within several hours)
- Creatine kinase (especially 24 to 48 hours postictally)
- To view the laboratory findings on COVID-19, click here.
Electrocardiogram
- There are no typical ECG findings associated with seizures in a COVID-19 patient.
- To view the electrocardiogram findings on COVID-19, click here.
X-ray
- There are no x-ray findings associated with COVID-19 associated seizure.
- To view the x-ray finidings on COVID-19, click here.
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- There are no typical echocardiographic findings for seizure related to COVID-19.
- To view the echocardiographic findings on COVID-19, click here.
CT scan
- CT brain may show structural lesions but majority of patients will show nothing.
- To view the CT scan findings on COVID-19, click here.
MRI
- MRI brain may show structural lesions but majority of patients will show nothing.
- To view the MRI findings on COVID-19, click here.
Other Imaging Findings
- There are no other imaging findings associated with seizure related to COVID-19.
- To view other imaging findings on COVID-19, click here.
Other Diagnostic Studies
- To view other diagnostic studies for COVID-19, click here.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- Development of seizures in a COVID-19 patient requires urgent treatment.
- After the cause of seizure is determined, medical therapy should be aimed at treating the cause immediately (for example, hypoxia, fever, metabolic imbalance).
- Anti-seizure medication (ASM) is often necessary.
- Anti-epileptics therapy with mannitol has been documented in decreasing cerebral edema[14].
- For a single seizure less than 5 min rescue treatment with benzodiazepine is not needed. Intravenous ASM are used with caution in COVID-19 patients due to the adverse effects (e.g., Phenytoin, Phenobarbital and Lacosamide in respiratory and cardiac problems) and drug interactions (e.g., Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital and Valproic acid). [15]
- Brivaracetam and Levetiracetam have less adverse effects and drug interactions. [15]
- In patients with more than one seizure (either shorter or longer than 5 min) and in status epilepticus rescue treatment with benzodiazepines in addition to ASM is needed. [15]
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of COVID-19 associated seizure.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of seizures associated with COVID-19.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of seizures associated with COVID-19.
References
- ↑ Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S (May 2020). "A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94: 55–58. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062. PMC 7195378 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32251791 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Hepburn, Madihah; Mullaguri, Naresh; George, Pravin; Hantus, Stephen; Punia, Vineet; Bhimraj, Adarsh; Newey, Christopher R. (2020). "Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: Is There an Association?". Neurocritical Care. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01006-1. ISSN 1541-6933.
- ↑ {{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059131120301151}}
- ↑ {{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.16524}}
- ↑ {{https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32458193/}}
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Karimi, Narges; Sharifi Razavi, Athena; Rouhani, Nima (2020). "Frequent Convulsive Seizures in an Adult Patient with COVID-19: A Case Report". Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 22 (3). doi:10.5812/ircmj.102828. ISSN 2074-1804.
- ↑ {{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/}}
- ↑ Mao, Ling; Jin, Huijuan; Wang, Mengdie; Hu, Yu; Chen, Shengcai; He, Quanwei; Chang, Jiang; Hong, Candong; Zhou, Yifan; Wang, David; Miao, Xiaoping; Li, Yanan; Hu, Bo (2020). "Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China". JAMA Neurology. 77 (6): 683. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127. ISSN 2168-6149.
- ↑ {{ https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000168/prognosis }}
- ↑ Haines S, Caccamo A, Chan F, Galaso G, Catinchi A, Gupta PK (2020). "Practical Considerations When Performing Neurodiagnostic Studies on Patients with COVID-19 and Other Highly Virulent Diseases". Neurodiagn J. 60 (2): 78–95. doi:10.1080/21646821.2020.1756132. PMC 7212538 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32374647 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Ríos M, Kalergis AM (2018). "Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections". Front Cell Neurosci. 12: 386. doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00386. PMC 6212673. PMID 30416428.
- ↑ Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T (2020). "The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients". J Med Virol. 92 (6): 552–555. doi:10.1002/jmv.25728. PMC 7228394 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32104915 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Montalvan V, Lee J, Bueso T, De Toledo J, Rivas K (2020). "Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: A systematic review". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 194: 105921. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105921. PMC 7227498 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32422545 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ye M, Ren Y, Lv T (April 2020). "Encephalitis as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19". Brain Behav. Immun. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.017. PMC 7146652 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32283294 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Asadi-Pooya AA (July 2020). "Seizures associated with coronavirus infections". Seizure. 79: 49–52. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.05.005. PMC 7212943 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32416567 Check|pmid=value (help).