Iron deficiency anemia causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
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Overview
Iron deficiency anemia causes can be broadly divided into physiological causes as that seen during growth and pregnancy and due to pathological process. The pathological process could be further divided based on blood loss and inadequate iron absorption.
Causes
Life threatening causes
- Severe blood loss such as traumatic haemorrhage, haemetemesis, haemoptysis or uncontrolled bleeding from any body part can result in death from hypovolemic shock[1][2][3][4]
[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] .
Most common causes
- Growth
- Pregnancy
- Malnutrition
- Malabsorption
- Blood loss
- Chronic Kidney disease
- Anemia of chronic disease
- Myeloproliferative disorders
Less common causes
- Erythrpoetin/eryhtropoetin stimulating drugs
- Leflunomide
- Pramipexole
- Trientine
Genetic cause
- IRIDA- iron referactory iron deficiency anemia due to TMPRSS6 mutation
- SLC11A-2 mutation
- Iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia •
- Divalent metal transporter deficiency anaemia, •
- Fanconianaemia
- Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Pathological
Blood Loss
- Menstruation
- Gastrointestinal tract (Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (ulcers, hemorrhoids, Esophageal varices, The use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or arthritis medicines for a long time, Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon)
- Food sensitivity
- Hookworms
- Genitourinary tract
- Respiratory tract (Rarely laryngological bleeding or from the respiratory tract)
- Blood donation
Inadequate Iron Absorption
- Dietary deficiency
- Impaired absorption (Celiac disease, Crohn's disease)
- Intestinal malabsorption
- Gastric surgery
- Hypochorhydria
- Taking too many antacids that contain calcium
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dental | Gum bleeding | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Drug Side Effect | Leflunomide, Pramipexole, trientine, antacids | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ear Nose Throat | Epistaxis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Endocrine | Erythropoetin deficiency | ||||||||||||||||||
| Environmental | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gastroenterologic | Haemetemesis, Celiac disease, bariatric surgery, Gatsritis, esophageal varices, Tropical sprue, Whipple's disease, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome, Giardia, Malabsorption
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| Genetic | SLC11A2 mutation, IRIDA | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hematologic | Myeloproliferative disorder | ||||||||||||||||||
| Iatrogenic | Erythrpoetin administartion | ||||||||||||||||||
| Infectious Disease | H.pylori, Giardia, Hookworms, Entamoeba histolytica | ||||||||||||||||||
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Neurologic | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Mennorhagia, Fibroids, Post partum bleeding, Pregnancy, Endometriosis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Oncologic | Colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Pulmonary | Haemoptysis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Renal/Electrolyte | Chronic kidney disease, haemodialysis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Anemia of chronic disease | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sexual | No underlying causes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Trauma | Bleeding | ||||||||||||||||||
| Urologic | Haematuria | ||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | Decreased iron intake, increased body requirements | ||||||||||||||||||
Causes in alphabetical order
- Anemia of chronic disease
- Antacids
- Bariatric surgery
- Blood donation
- Blood loss
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Celiac disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Crohn's disease
- Colon cancer
- Decreased iron intake
- Diverticulosis
- Endometriosis
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Epistaxis
- Erythropoetin deficiency
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal varices
- Fibroids
- Gastritis
- GI fistula
- Gastric cancer
- Giardia
- H. Pylori
- Hookworm
- Haemoptysis
- Haemetemesis
- Haematuria
- Haemorrhoids
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Malnutrition
- Malabsorption
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Pregnancy
- Post partum bleeding
- Pancreatic cancer
- Stricture
- Tropical sprue
- Ulcerative colitis
- Whipple disease
- Zollinger Ellison syndrome
Center for disease control and prevention
References
- ↑ "Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States". Retrieved 2012-09-18.
- ↑ Price EA, Mehra R, Holmes TH, Schrier SL (2011). "Anemia in older persons: etiology and evaluation". Blood Cells Mol Dis. 46 (2): 159–65. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.11.004. PMID 21208814.
- ↑ Mast AE, Bialkowski W, Bryant BJ, Wright DJ, Birch R, Kiss JE; et al. (2016). "A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of education and iron supplementation for mitigation of iron deficiency in regular blood donors". Transfusion. 56 (6 Pt 2): 1588–97. doi:10.1111/trf.13469. PMC 4905782. PMID 26813849.
- ↑ Cook JD, Skikne BS (1989). "Iron deficiency: definition and diagnosis". J Intern Med. 226 (5): 349–55. PMID 2681511.
- ↑ Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, D'Ambra G, DiGiulio E, Monarca B; et al. (2001). "Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms". Am J Med. 111 (6): 439–45. PMID 11690568.
- ↑ Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, Peyrin-Biroulet L (2016). "Iron deficiency anaemia". Lancet. 387 (10021): 907–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60865-0. PMID 26314490.
- ↑ Khadem G, Scott IA, Klein K (2012). "Evaluation of iron deficiency anaemia in tertiary hospital settings: room for improvement?". Intern Med J. 42 (6): 658–64. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02724.x. PMID 22288902.
- ↑ Ioannou GN, Rockey DC, Bryson CL, Weiss NS (2002). "Iron deficiency and gastrointestinal malignancy: a population-based cohort study". Am J Med. 113 (4): 276–80. PMID 12361812. Review in: ACP J Club. 2003 May-Jun;138(3):80
- ↑ Camaschella C (2015). "Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 8–13. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8. PMID 26637694.
- ↑ Corazza GR, Valentini RA, Andreani ML, D'Anchino M, Leva MT, Ginaldi L; et al. (1995). "Subclinical coeliac disease is a frequent cause of iron-deficiency anaemia". Scand J Gastroenterol. 30 (2): 153–6. PMID 7732338.
- ↑ Unsworth DJ, Lock RJ, Harvey RF (2000). "Improving the diagnosis of coeliac disease in anaemic women". Br J Haematol. 111 (3): 898–901. PMID 11122153.
- ↑ Hershko C, Hoffbrand AV, Keret D, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Monselise Y; et al. (2005). "Role of autoimmune gastritis, Helicobacter pylori and celiac disease in refractory or unexplained iron deficiency anemia". Haematologica. 90 (5): 585–95. PMID 15921373.
- ↑ Eschbach JW, Cook JD, Scribner BH, Finch CA (1977). "Iron balance in hemodialysis patients". Ann Intern Med. 87 (6): 710–3. PMID 931207.