Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1],Shyam Patel [2];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[3], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [4] Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD
Synonyms and keywords: Lymph nodes enlarged; Enlarged lymph nodes; Lymphadenitis; Swollen lymph nodes; Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes
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Overview
Lymphadenopathy, also called adenopathy, refers to any disease process that involves lymph nodes that are abnormal in consistency and size. This condition has multiple causes, the most common of which include neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and infection. Lymphadenitis refers to lymphadenopathies that are due to inflammatory processes. It is characterized by nodal swelling, pain, skin changes, fever, edema, and/or purulent collections. [1]
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Lymph node enlargement can be of viral, bacterial, malignant, protozoan origin and can even be caused by live vaccines [2] Examples of infections that can cause lymph node enlargement include:
- Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus which cause infectious mononucleosis [3] and CMV mononucleosis respectively.[4]
- Yersinia pestis, which causes the bubonic plague, causes lymph node swelling so large that it can be seen under the skin. These lymph nodes are called buboes and may become necrotic. [5]
Differentiating Lymphadenopathy from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X-Ray Findings | Ultrasound | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
References
- ↑ Gosche JR, Vick L (2006). "Acute, subacute, and chronic cervical lymphadenitis in children". Semin Pediatr Surg. 15 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2006.02.007. PMC 7111159 Check
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value (help). PMID 16616313. - ↑ (2015) Reorganized text. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 141 (5):428. DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 PMID: 25996397
- ↑ Weiss LM, O'Malley D (2013). "Benign lymphadenopathies". Mod Pathol. 26 Suppl 1: S88–96. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.176. PMID 23281438.
- ↑ Sinha AK, Lovett M, Pillay G (1970). "Cytomegalovirus infection with Lymphadenopathy". Br Med J. 3 (5715): 163. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5715.163. PMC 1702272. PMID 4317237.
- ↑ Butler T (2009). "Plague into the 21st century". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (5): 736–42. doi:10.1086/604718. PMID 19606935.