Vertigo causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Common causes of vertigo are Ménière’s disease, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis. Life threatening causes to look for include brainstem ischemia/hemorrhage, hypertension crisis, drug overdose, cyanide poisoning.
Causes
- Peripheral causes of vertigo includes[1]:
| Disease | Main Feature |
| Ménière’s disease | Increased endolymph volume in semicircular canals. Recurrent vertigo, aural fullness, hearing loss and tinnitus |
| Acoustic neuroma | tinnitus, ear pain, aural fullness, headache, facial weakness. |
| Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo | Dislodged otoliths stimulate vestibular sense organ. Recurrent vertigo, nausea, vomiting, torsional nystagmus |
| Acute labyrinthitis | Inflammation of labyrinth/ viral or bacterial. Temporary hearing loss, vertigo, off balance, tinnitus |
| Acute vestibular neuritis | Inflammation of vestibular nerve caused by viral infection. Vertigo, hearing intact |
| Cholesteatoma | Cyst/sac of keratin debris in middle ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss, pain |
| Otosclerosis | Abnormal bone growth in middle ear. Vertigo, tinnitus and, sensorineural hearing loss |
| Perilymphatic fistula | Abnormal connection between the middle ear and inner ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss/sensitive hearing |
- Central causes of vertigo includes[2]:
| Disease | Main Feature |
| Brainstem Stroke | Vertigo, imbalance, double vision, slurred speech, and altered consciousness. |
| Vestibular Migraine | Mostly unilateral severe throbbing headache, vertigo lasting minutes to hours, sensitivity to motion/light/smell/noise, nausea, vomiting, imbalance. |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Vertigo may accompany other symptoms like vision problem, fatigue, numbness/tingling, limited mobility, bladder/bowel/speech/swallowing impairment. |
| Cerebellar tumors | meningioma or schwannoma in cerebellopontine angle can cause vertigo due to pressure on vestibular nerve. |
| Lateral medullary syndrome | Results from ischemia in the lateral part of the brainstem(medulla oblongata). Associated with ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo, dysphagia, dysarthria. |
| Chiari malformation | Extension of brainstem into spinal canal. Associated with numbness/tingling of hands and feet, dysphagia, vertigo, unsteady gait, hoarseness. |
- Other Causes[3]:
| Disease | Main Feature |
| Medication induced | aminoglycosides, anticonvulsants(phenytoin), anti-depressants(tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase), antihypertensives, diuretics (furosemide), barbiturates, cocaine, nitroglycerin, salicylates |
| Psychogenic | Mood, anxiety, or alcohol abuse disorders |
- Life threatening causes of Vertigo:
References
- ↑ Karatas, Mehmet (2008). "Central Vertigo and Dizziness". The Neurologist. 14 (6): 355–364. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e31817533a3. ISSN 1074-7931.
- ↑ Kerber, Kevin A. (2009). "Vertigo and Dizziness in the Emergency Department". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 27 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002. ISSN 0733-8627.
- ↑ Labuguen RH (2006). "Initial evaluation of vertigo". Am Fam Physician. 73 (2): 244–51. PMID 16445269.