Diabetic foot epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [2] Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide. According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer. Diabetic foot ulcer has a higher incidence in men.[1][2][3][4]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- The prevalence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 170 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
Incidence
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide.[1][2][3][4]
- According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[5]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in the US veterans is approximately 500 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2][3][4]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 220 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
- Based on another study, up to 25% of diabetic patients develop diabetic foot within their disease period.[6]
Mortality
- The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer.[1]
Gender
In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a male preponderance for the development of severe microvascular complications [7]. Diabetic foot disease is not an exception to this rule.
- For unknown reasons, men have a higher risk of diabetic foot disease compared to women.
- Some possible explanations are a higher bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and NO responsiveness and the protective role of estrogen in women [8]. However the beneficial effect of these factors are reversed by diabetes, irrespective of menopausal status. Nevertheless men still have a higher risk for having diabetic foot disease.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA (2017). "Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence". N Engl J Med. 376 (24): 2367–2375. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1615439. PMID 28614678.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J; et al. (2002). "The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort". Diabet Med. 19 (5): 377–84. PMID 12027925.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y (2017). "Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (†)". Ann Med. 49 (2): 106–116. doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932. PMID 27585063.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, Nelson KM, Heagerty PJ (2006). "Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study". Diabetes Care. 29 (6): 1202–7. doi:10.2337/dc05-2031. PMID 16731996.
- ↑ Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR; et al. (2006). "Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision)". J Foot Ankle Surg. 45 (5 Suppl): S1–66. doi:10.1016/S1067-2516(07)60001-5. PMID 17280936.
- ↑ Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG; et al. (2014). "Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention". J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 (1): 1.e1–18, quiz 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055. PMID 24355275.
- ↑ Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T; et al. (1987). "The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why". Diabet Med. 4 (3): 211–6. PMID 2956021.
- ↑ Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH; et al. (2003). "Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease". Circulation. 107 (2): 271–8. PMID 12538427.