Delirium overview
| https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmMYsVaZ0zo%7C350}} |
|
Delirium Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Delirium On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Delirium |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [3]; Vishal Khurana, M.B.B.S., M.D. [4]
Overview
Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days) decline in attention-focus, perception, and cognition. Delirium is commonly associated with a disturbance of consciousness or reduced clarity of awareness of the environment. The change in cognition including memory deficit, disorientation, language disturbance or the development of a perceptual disturbance may happen with rapid fluctuation course.
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as: [Differential dx1] [Differential dx2] [Differential dx3] Epidemiology and Demographics The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide. In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location]. Age Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name]. [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old. [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children]. Gender [Disease name] affects men and women equally. [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1. Race There is no racial predilection for [disease name]. [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name]. Risk Factors Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. Natural History, Complications and Prognosis The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years]. Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3]. If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3]. Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%]. Diagnosis Diagnostic Criteria The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1] [criterion 2] [criterion 3] [criterion 4] History and Symptoms [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic. Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following: [symptom 1] [symptom 2] [symptom 3] [symptom 4] [symptom 5] [symptom 6] Physical Examination Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination may be remarkable for: [finding 1] [finding 2] [finding 3] [finding 4] [finding 5] [finding 6] Laboratory Findings There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name]. A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name]. An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name]. Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3]. Electrocardiogram There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment Medical Therapy There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2]. [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1]. Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration]. Surgery Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name]. [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name]. [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name]. Prevention There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name]. Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3]. Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].