Monkeypox pathophysiology
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'Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:Bassel Almarie, M.D.
Overview
Monkeypox virus is a member of orthopoxvirus genus (family Poxviridae)[1]. The monkeypox virus genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA that multiplies in the cytoplasm of infected cell[2]. Possible routes of transmission are animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human. Virus is transmitted via direct contact with body fluids or lesions of infection person or animal, direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, and via respiratory secretions[3]. The role of vaginal fluids and semen in the transmission of the virus is still being investigated[4].
Transmission
Animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human are all possible routes to transmit the disease. Monkeypox can be transmitted by[3]
- Direct contact with body fluids or sores on the body of someone who has monkeypox
- Direct contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or linens
- Respiratory secretions when people have close, face-to-face contact
Although most cases in 2022 were identified among men who have men with men, there is to date no evidence to support that monkeypox virus can be transmitted via vaginal fluids or semen[4].
Genetics
- Monkeypox virus is a member of orthopoxvirus genus, which is a subdivision of Chordopoxvirinae that belongs to family Poxviridae[1].
- It is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that multiplies in the cytoplasm of infected cell[2].
- All the proteins required for viral DNA replication, transcription, virion assembly, and egress are encoded by the MPXV genome.
- The genes encoding for housekeeping functions are present in the central region of the genome, and the genes encoding the virus–host interactions are located in the termini region[5].
- The nucleotide sequence within the central region of the monkeypox virus genome is 96.3% identical with that of smallpox virus. Nonetheless, monkeypox virus is not the direct ancestor of smallpox virus and is unlikely to naturally acquire all properties of smallpox virus[6].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ICTV".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Holland J, Domingo E (1998). "Origin and evolution of viruses". Virus Genes. 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1023/a:1007989407305. PMID 9562888.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "CDC Monkeypox Response: Transmission | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "U.S. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Situation Summary | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC".
- ↑ Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI (2020). "Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution". Viruses. 12 (11). doi:10.3390/v12111257. PMC 7694534 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33167496 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Babkin IV, Safronov PF, Ryazankina OI, Petrov NA; et al. (2001). "Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison". FEBS Lett. 509 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03144-1. PMID 11734207.