Diarrhea
| Diarrhea | |
| ICD-10 | A09, K59.1 |
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| ICD-9 | 787.91 |
| DiseasesDB | 3742 |
| eMedicine | ped/583 |
| MeSH | D003967 |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor in Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
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Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements.
Types of diarrhea
There are at least four types of diarrhea: secretory diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea, motility-related diarrhea, and inflammatory diarrhea.
Secretory diarrhea
Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it, along with water.
Osmotic diarrhea
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when there is a loss of water due to a heavy osmotic load. This can occur when there is maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), where the nutrients are left in the lumen, which pulls water into the lumen.
Motility-related diarrhea occurs when the motility of the gastrointestinal tract is abnormally high. If the food moves too quickly, there is not enough time for sufficient nutrients and water to be absorbed. This can be due to a vagotomy or diabetic neuropathy, or a complication of menstruation.
Inflammatory diarrhea
Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids, and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Causes
Many things can cause diarrhea, which can make diagnosis complex. Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
- Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
- Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
- Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
- Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
- Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
- Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
- Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
The Complete List of Causes of Diarrhea
- Abdominal abscess
- Abdominal cancer
- Achlorhydria
- Acquired angioedema
- Acquired angioedema, type 1
- Acquired angioedema, type 2
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica
- Acrodynia
- Acute appendicitis
- Acute gastritis
- Acute kidney failure
- Acute tin poisoning
- Acute zinc toxicity
- Addison's disease
- Adenophorea Infections
- Adenoviridae Infections
- Adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients
- Adenoviruses
- Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3
- Adverse reaction
- AIDS
- AIDS-Related Complex
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Alcohol intoxication
- Allergic disorders
- Allergies
- Amebiasis
- Amyloidosis
- Amyloidosis AL
- Anaphylaxis
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Anguillulosis
- Anxiety-tension syndrome
- Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
- Arsenic poisoning
- Ascaris
- Aspartylglycosaminuria
- Astrovirus
- Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency
- Attenuated familial polyposis
- Autoimmune diseases
- Autoimmune enteropathy
- Baber's syndrome
- Bacterial digestive infections
- Bacterial toxic-shock syndrome
- Bacterial toxins
- Banti's syndrome
- Bartter's syndrome, antenatal type 1
- Bartters syndrome, antenatal , type 2
- Behcet's disease
- Biliary atresia
- Biliary tract cancer
- Biotinidase deficiency
- Blastocystis
- Blastocystis hominis
- Blind loop syndrome
- Boron overuse
- Botulism food poisoning
- Bowel conditions
- Brainerd diarrhea
- Brennemann's syndrome
- Brown-Symmers disease
- Campylobacter
- Candida
- Carbamate insecticide poisoning
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Carnitine overuse
- Celiac disease
- Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy
- Chemical pneumonia
- Chromosome 16q, partial deletion
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Chronic granulomatous disease
- Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
- Chronic vitamin A toxicity
- Ciguatera poisoning
- Classic galactosemia
- Clostridium perfringens food poisoning
- Clostridium sordellii
- Colchicine toxicity
- Colitis
- Colonic inertia
- Colonic malakoplakia
- Colorectal cancer
- Colorectal polyps
- Common migraine
- Common variable immunodeficiency
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - sodium-wasting form
- Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B
- Congenital short bowel
- Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption
- Congenital syndromes (chloridorrhea)
- Congenital toxoplasmosis
- Copper toxicity
- Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2
- Cree leukoencephalopathy
- Crohn's disease
- Cronkhite-Canada disease
- Cryptosporidium
- Cryptosporiosis
- Cutaneous mastocytosis
- Cutaneous photosensitivity colitis, lethal
- Cyclic vomiting syndrome
- Cyclospora
- Cyclosporine toxicity
- Cysticercosis
- Cytomegalic inclusion body disease
- Darvocet withdrawal
- Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome
- Degos disease
- Diabetes insipidus
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diarrhea - polyendocrinopathy - infections, X-linked
- Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
- Dibasic aminoaciduria 2
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Diffuse systemic sclerosis
- Digestive diseases
- Digestive duplication
- Digestive system cancer
- Dilaudid withdrawal
- Dipylidium
- Dipylidium caninum infection
- Disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex
- Dissociative disorder
- Distomatosis
- Diverticular disease
- Dracunculiasis
- Dressler syndrome
- Drugs and poisons
- Ebola
- Echinococcosis
- EGE
- Egg Hypersensitivity
- Ehrlichiosis
- End stage liver failure
- Endometriosis
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Enteritis
- Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli
- Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli
- Enterocele
- Enterocolitis
- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection
- Enterovirus antenatal infection
- Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper
- Eosinophilic enteropathy, pattern II
- Epidemic secretory Brainerd diarrhea
- Erythroderma desquamativa of Leiner
- Escherichia coli
- Evening Primrose oil
- Familial amyloid polyneuropathy
- Familial polyposis - classical
- Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive
- Familial visceral myopathy
- Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism
- Fascioliasis
- Fasciolopsiasis
- Favism
- Fecal impaction
- Fecal incontinence
- Fever
- Filariasis
- Flavivirus
- Fluke infections
- Folic acid toxicity
- Food allergies
- Food intolerances
- Food poisoning
- Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
- Galactosemia
- Galactosemia I
- Galactosemia III
- Gardner syndrome
- Gastrinoma
- Gastritis
- Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic
- Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
- Gastroenteritis
- Gastrointestinal amyloidosis
- Gastrointestinal neoplasm
- Giardia lamblia
- Ginseng overuse
- Glanders
- Glucosamine - adverse effects
- Glucose-galactose malabsorption
- Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency
- Glénard syndrome
- Gnathostoma Infection
- Graft-versus-host disease – acute
- Groin Hernia
- Hantavirosis
- Hantavirus
- Headache-free migraine
- Helminth infections
- Helminthiasis
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 1
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 2
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 3
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4
- Hemorragic fever with renal syndrome
- Hepatitis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Hepatitis X
- Hepatorenal tyrosinemia
- Hereditary amyloidosis
- Hereditary angioedema, type 1
- Hereditary angioedema, type 2
- Hereditary angioedema, type 3
- Hereditary pancreatitis
- Heroin dependence
- Heroin withdrawal
- Heterophyiasis
- Hirschsprung's disease
- HIV/AIDS
- Hookworm, pinworm
- Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
- Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
- Hydrocodone withdrawal
- Hymenolepiasis
- Hyper IgM syndrome 1
- Hyper IgM syndrome 3
- Hyper IgM syndrome 4
- Hyper-IgD syndrome
- Hyper-IgM Syndrome
- Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever
- Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1
- Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypoadrenocorticism - hypoparathyroidism – moniliasis
- Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
- Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction
- Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
- Immunoglobulinic amyloidosis
- Immunoproliferative diseases
- Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder
- Incontinence
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Insect parasite conditions
- Insect sting allergies
- Intestinal Conditions
- Intestinal Flu
- Intestinal lymphangiectasis
- Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic
- Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency
- Invasive group A Streptococcal disease
- Iron poisoning
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Ischemic colitis
- Isospora
- Isosporiasis
- Isosporosiasis
- Juvenile polyposis of infancy
- Katayama fever
- Keratosis palmoplantaris - adenocarcinoma of the colon
- Lactose Intolerance
- Lassa fever
- Laxative abuse
- Legionnaires' disease
- Leiner disease
- Leptospirosis
- Leukocytoclastic angiitis – systemic
- Levy-Yeboa Syndrome
- Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Listeriosis
- Liver diseases
- Lortab withdrawal
- Lymphangiectasies and lymphedema Hennekam type
- Lymphangiectasis
- Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
- Malabsorption
- Malaria
- Malonic aciduria
- Marburg virus
- Mastocytosis
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Melioidosis
- Meningitis
- Mercury poisoning
- Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal
- Metabolic disorders
- Metagonimiasis
- Methionine malabsorption syndrome
- Methotrexate toxicity
- Middle ear infection
- Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Morphine withdrawal
- Mucoepithelial dysplasia, Witkop type
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
- Mycobacterium avium Complex
- Mycobacterium avium complex infection
- Myiasis
- Ménétrier's disease
- Neonatal bacterial meningitis
- Neonatal sepsis
- Neoplasia
- Neuroblastoma
- Neuroendocrine tumors
- Neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal
- Nezelof's syndrome
- Norwalk gastroenteritis
- Norwalk-like viruses
- Obal syndrome
- Obstructive Jaundice
- Ogilvie's syndrome
- OHSS
- Omenn syndrome
- Opioid withdrawal
- Opisthorchiasis
- Opium withdrawal
- Ovarian Cancer
- OxyContin withdrawal
- Pancreatic adenoma
- Paragonimiasis
- Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Syndromes
- Peanut allergy
- Pellagra
- Pelvic abscess
- Penicillin allergy
- Periodic hyperlysinemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency
- Plant poisoning - Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)
- Plant poisoning - Castor bean (Ricinus communis)
- Plant poisoning - daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
- Plant poisoning - holly (Ilex sp.)
- Plant poisoning - Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
- Plant poisoning - mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)
- Plant poisoning - pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana)
- Plant poisoning - potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- Plant poisoning - Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)
- Plant poisoning - Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)
- Poisoning
- Pollen allergy
- Portal thrombosis
- Portal vein thrombosis
- Portuguese type amyloidosis
- Postoperative Abdominal Wound Dehiscence
- Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome
- Primary agammaglobulinemia
- Primary immunodeficiency disorders
- Primary tubular proximal acidosis
- Protozoal Infection
- Protozoan Conditions
- Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Proximal tubulopathy - diabetes mellitus - cerebellar ataxia
- Psyllium - adverse effects
- Ptomaine food poisoning
- Q fever
- Radiation colitis
- Radiation sickness
- Rambaud-Galian syndrome
- Rapid gastric emptying
- Rectal cancer
- Rectal conditions
- Refsum disease, infantile form
- Reiter’s syndrome
- Rhabditida Infections
- Ritter syndrome
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Rotavirus
- Roundworm
- Sakamoto disease
- Salmonella
- Salmonella enteritidis
- Salmonella food poisoning
- Sarcosporidiosis
- SARS
- Schistosomiasis
- SCID
- Sclerosing Mesenteritis
- Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
- Secernentea Infections
- Secretory diarrhea
- Selenium – overuse
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Severe combined immunodeficiency, T- B+ due to JAK3 deficiency
- Severe congenital neutropenia
- Shigellosis
- Short Bowel Syndrome
- Sickle cell crisis
- Smith disease
- Smoking stools syndrome
- Spencer disease
- Sphingolipidosis
- Spira syndrome
- Spirurida Infections
- Spleen Cancer
- Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - nephrotic syndrome
- Sprue
- St. Anthony's fire
- Stachybotrys chartarum
- Staphylococcal food poisoning
- Staphylococcal infection
- Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
- Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning
- Stomach cancer
- Stomach Conditions
- Streptococcal Infections
- Strongyloides
- Subacute myelo-optico neuropathy syndrome
- Subacute thyroiditis
- Substance withdrawal syndrome
- Sudden digestive conditions
- Tapeworms
- Thymus cancer
- Thymus disorders
- Thyroid cancer, familial medullary
- Toxemia
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Toxocara
- Toxoplasmosis
- Traveler's diarrhea
- Trematoda - Intestinal, lung, liver flukes
- Trichinosis
- Trichuris
- Tularemia
- Turcot syndrome
- Typhoid fever
- Ultram withdrawal
- Valinemia
- Vanadium - adverse effect
- Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia
- Vasculitis hypersensitivity
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis
- Vibrio cholerae
- Vibrio Infections
- Vibrio mimicus food poisoning
- Vibrio parahemolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Vibrio vulnificus infection
- Vicodin withdrawal
- Vipoma
- Viral digestive infections
- Viral hemorrhagic fever
- Viral Hepatitis
- Viral meningitis
- Visceral myopathy familial external ophthalmoplegia
- Visceral neuropathy, familial, autosomal dominant
- Vitamin C toxicity
- Vitamin D - adverse effects
- Von Gierke disease IB
- Waldmann disease
- Water-skier colon
- Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
- Weil's syndrome
- West Nile encephalitis
- West Nile fever
- Western equine encephalitis
- Wheat intolerance
- Whipple's disease
- Whipworm
- Whole-body acute irradiation - gastrointestinal syndrome
- Whooping cough
- Wolman disease
- Worm conditions
- X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
- Yellow fever
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- Yersiniosis
- Yorifuji Okuno syndrome
- ZAP70 deficiency
- Zinc deficiency
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Diarrhea
(By organ system)
| Cardiovascular | |
| Chemical / poisoning | |
| Dermatologic | |
| Drug Side Effect | The list of drugs may cause diarrhea • The list of drug-drug interactions may cause diarrhea |
| Ear Nose Throat | |
| Endocrine | |
| Environmental | |
| Gastroenterologic | |
| Genetic | |
| Hematologic | |
| Iatrogenic | |
| Infectious Disease | |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | |
| Neurologic | |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | |
| Oncologic | |
| Opthalmologic | |
| Overdose / Toxicity | |
| Psychiatric | |
| Pulmonary | |
| Renal / Electrolyte | |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | |
| Sexual | |
| Trauma | |
| Urologic | |
| Miscellaneous |
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