Autoimmune disease

Autoimmune diseases
ICD-9	279.4
OMIM	109100
DiseasesDB	28805
MedlinePlus	000816
MeSH	D001327

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Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression—medication which decreases the immune response.

Occurrence and onset

Hormone levels have been shown to affect the severity of some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Other causes may include the presence of fetal cells in the maternal bloodstream, i.e. microchimerism.

Autoimmune diseases

It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.)

Name	Accepted/ suspected	Hypersensitivity	Autoantibody
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	Accepted
Addison's disease	Accepted
Alopecia areata	Accepted
Ankylosing spondylitis	Doubtful
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS)	Accepted
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Accepted	II
Autoimmune hepatitis	Accepted		Anti-Smooth Muscle Actin
Autoimmune inner ear disease	Suspected
Bullous pemphigoid	Accepted	II	Anti-Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 and 2 (Hemidesmosome antigens)
Coeliac disease	Accepted	IV??	Anti-transglutaminase
Chagas disease	Suspected
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Suspected
Crohns Disease (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD")	Accepted	IV
Dermatomyositis	Accepted
Diabetes mellitus type 1	Accepted	IV
Endometriosis	Suspected
Goodpasture's syndrome	Accepted	II	Anti-Basement Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein
Graves' disease	Accepted	II
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)	Accepted	IV	Anti-ganglioside
Hashimoto's disease	Accepted	IV
Hidradenitis suppurativa	Suspected
Kawasaki disease	Suspected
IgA nephropathy	Suspected
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura	Accepted	II
Interstitial cystitis	Suspected
Lupus erythematosus	Accepted	III
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease	Accepted
Morphea	Suspected
Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Accepted	IV	Anti-Myelin Basic Protein
Myasthenia gravis	Accepted	II
Narcolepsy	Suspected
Neuromyotonia	Suspected
Pemphigus Vulgaris	Accepted	II	Anti-Desmogein 3
Pernicious anaemia	Accepted	II
Psoriasis	Suspected
Psoriatic Arthritis	Suspected
Polymyositis	Accepted
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Accepted		Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)
Rheumatoid arthritis	Accepted	III	Rheumatoid factor
Schizophrenia	Suspected
Scleroderma	Suspected		Anti-topoisomerase
Sjögren's syndrome	Accepted
Stiff person syndrome	Suspected
Temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis")	Accepted	IV
Ulcerative Colitis (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD")	Accepted	IV
Vasculitis	Accepted	III
Vitiligo	Suspected
Wegener's granulomatosis	Accepted		Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA)

Development of therapies

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc), which causes problems.

A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity. It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.

Currently, a considerable amount of research is being conducted into treatment of these conditions. According to a report from Frost & Sullivan, the total alliance payouts in the autoimmune/inflammation segment from 1997 to 2002 totaled $489.8 million, where Eli Lilly, Suntory, Procter & Gamble, Encysive, and Novartis together account for 98.6 percent of alliance payouts.

External links

• Template:DMOZ
• Links to pictures of Autoimmune Diseases (Hardin MD) at University of Iowa

See also

• Systemic autoimmune diseases