Aortic insufficiency cardiac catheterization
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.
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The pigtail catheter is placed a few centimeters above the aortic root. Grading the amount of regurgitation is based on the amount of opacification of the ventricle 2 complete cardiac cycles after injection compared to that of the aortic root.
Grade 1
Brief and incomplete ventricular opacification. Clears rapidly.
Grade 2
Moderate opacification of the ventricle that clears in less that 2 cycles. Never greater than aortic root opacification.
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Grade 3
Opacification of the ventricle equal to aortic root opacification within 2 cycles. Delayed clearing of ventricle over several cycles.
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Grade 4
Opacification of the ventricle almost immediately that is greater than that of the aortic root with delayed clearing of the ventricle.
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