Metabolic syndrome
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]
Synonyms and Keywords: Metabolic syndrome X, Insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome or CHAOS (Australia)
Overview
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology & Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Causes of Metabolic syndrome
Differentiating Metabolic syndrome from other Diseases
Natural History, Complications & Prognosis
Diagnosis
History & Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | MRI | CT | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Dietary Therapy | Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention|Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
References
Treatment
The goal is to get the LDL down to < 100 mg/dl. The first line treatment is change of lifestyle (i.e., caloric restriction and physical activity). However, drug treatment is frequently required. Generally, the individual diseases that comprise the metabolic syndrome are treated separately (e.g. diuretics and ACE inhibitors for hypertension). Cholesterol drugs may be used to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, if they are elevated, and to raise HDL levels if they are low. Use of drugs that decrease insulin resistance e.g., metformin and thiazolidinediones is controversial and not FDA approved.
A recent study indicated that cardiovascular exercise was therapeutic in approximately 31% of cases. The most probable benefit was to triglyceride levels, with 43% showing improvement; conversely 91% of test subjects did not exhibit a decrease in fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance.[1] Many other studies have supported the value of increased physical activity along with restricted calories in metabolic syndrome.
Primary and Secondary Prevention
Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome. These include increased physical activity (such as walking 30 minutes every day),[2] and a healthy, reduced calorie diet.[3] There are many studies that support the value of a healthy lifestyle as above. However, one study stated that these measures are effective in only a minority of people.[1] The International Obesity Taskforce states that interventions on a sociopolitical level are required to reduce development of the metabolic syndrome in populations.[4]
A 2007 study of 2,375 male subjects over 20 years suggested that daily intake of a pint of milk or equivalent dairy products more than halved the risk of metabolic syndrome.[5] Other studies both support and dispute the authors' findings.[6]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Katzmaryk,, Peter T (October 2003). "Targeting the Metabolic Syndrome with Exercise: Evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study". Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35 (10): 1703–1709. Retrieved 2007-06-24. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE (2007). "Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome". Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme. 32 (1): 76–88. doi:10.1139/h06-113. PMID 17332786.
- ↑ Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL (2007). "Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 32 (1): 46–60. doi:10.1139/h06-101. PMID 17332784.
- ↑ James PT, Rigby N, Leach R (2004). "The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies". Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 11 (1): 3–8. PMID 15167200.
- ↑ Elwood, PC (2007). "Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective study". J Epidemiol Community Health. 61 (8): 695–698. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.053157. PMID 17630368. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Snijder MB, van der Heijden AA, van Dam RM; et al. (2007). "Is higher dairy consumption associated with lower body weight and fewer metabolic disturbances? The Hoorn Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (4): 989–95. PMID 17413097.
de:Metabolisches Syndrom ko:대사증후군 nl:Metabool syndroom fi:Metabolinen oireyhtymä sv:Metabolt syndrom