Chronic stable angina spinal cord stimulation

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview

In patients with refractory angina, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is used to provide analgesia in the region of radiation of anginal-pain with the help an implanted device consisting of a stimulating electrode tip that extends into the dorsal epidural space, usually at the C7-T1 level.

Mechanism of Benefit

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) induced analgesia is considered to be secondary to:

Neurohormonal mechanisms: [1]

  • Decrease in the neurotransmission of painful stimuli
  • Increase in the release of endogenous opiates

Anti-ischaemic effects:

  • Reduction in the myocardial oxygen consumption [2][3] secondary to decrease in sympathetic tone or a change in the cardiac metabolism of beta-endorphine,[4][5][6]
  • Redistribution of myocardial blood flow from non-ischemic to ischemic regions.[7][8][9]

Indication

In patients with chronic stable angina refractory to medical therapy, PCI, and/or surgical therapy [10][11] (more data are still needed and therefore, spinal cord stimulation should be only considered when other treatment options have failed).

Approach

Under local anesthesia, an implantable device with a stimulating electrode is placed in the spinal cord system, the tip of which extends into the dorsal epidural space, usually at the level of C7-T1.

The tip is placed in the epidural space so as to produce analgesia in the region of anginal pain radiation.

Success Rate

Several observational studies have reported success rates of up to 80% in decreasing anginal frequency and severity.

Disadvantages

Supportive trial data

Numerous studies from the early 1980s, have published the benefits of transcutaneous nerve stimulation and spinal cord stimulation on myocardial ischemia and angina. The absence of arrhythmia and a significant reduction in the ischemic burden have been demonstrated in a few studies using Holter-monitor.[13][20]

Spinal cord electrical stimulation provided long-term safety in terms of significant symptomatic improvement, reduction in total number and duration of ischemic episodes as observed at 62-month follow-up.[21] The time of the work during exercise stress test was also significantly prolonged.[22]

Randomized-Control Studies

  • Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation as a treatment for chronic intractable angina, was studied in a small randomized-control study involving 13 patients treated with spinal cord stimulation versus 12 control patients with chronic angina. At 6-week follow-up, in comparison to the control group, the treated group demonstrated significant increase in the exercise duration (P=0.03) and the time to angina (P=0.01); and a significant reduction in the incidence of anginal attacks and sublingual nitrate consumption (P=0.01) and in the incidence of ischemic episodes on 48-hour electrocardiogram (P=0.04). The ST segment depression on the exercise electrocardiogram decreased at comparable workload (P=0.01) with a significant increase in the perceived quality of life (P=0.03). Thus, the study concluded that spinal cord stimulation is an effective alternative the management of chronic intractable angina pectoris, and that its effect was exerted through anti-ischemic action.[23]
  • Another small study, involving 24 patients with refractory angina off which 12 patients were implanted with a spinal cord stimulator versus 12 in the control group. The efficacy in terms of recurrence of angina, nitroglycerin intake, ischemia, and heart rate variability using 48-hour electrocardiographic monitoring were assessed at 4-weeks and 8-weeks. In addition, neurohormonal status and symptom-limited aerobic capacity were also evaluated. The study reported no significant increase in the incidence of anginal complaints or ischemia after withholding stimulation. Neurohormonal levels and aerobic capacity were not altered. Thus, the study concluded that there was no adverse clinical rebound phenomenon after withholding neurostimulation in patients with refractory angina pectoris.[24]
  • A randomized controlled study involving 104 patients with symptomatic indication only for bypass surgery and with an increased surgical risk of complications; were randomized to either spinal cord stimulation (n=53) or CABG (51), to compare whether SCS can be used as an alternative to CABG in patients with no proven prognostic benefit from CABG. At 6-month follow-up, both groups demonstrated a highly significant reduction in anginal attacks and consumption of short-acting nitroglycerin without any difference between the groups. The CABG group had an increase in exercise capacity (P=0.02) and less ST segment depression on maximum exercise (P=0.005) which could not be observed in the spinal cord stimulation group. However, the spinal cord stimulation patients did not have active treatment during exercise. Eight deaths occurred during the follow-up period, 7 in the CABG group and 1 in the SCS group. On an intention-to-treat basis, the mortality rate and cerebrovascular morbidity rate was significantly lower in the SCS group (P=0.02 and 0.03 respectively). Thus, the study concluded that CABG and SCS appear to be equivalent methods in terms of symptom relief in this group of patients.[11]
  • Another recent study showed that both the CABG and the SCS groups, offered significant increase in the quality of life after 6-months and this beneficial effect remained unchanged after 3 years. There was no difference in mortality between the CABG and spinal cord stimulation groups after 3 and 5 years, respectively. Hence, both methods could be considered as an effective treatment strategy for patients with severe angina, increased surgical risks and estimated to have no prognostic benefits from coronary artery bypass grafting.[10]

Retrospective Studies

Three retrospective studies that assessed the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation in the management of refractory angina, reported an improvement observed with the chronic use of neurostimulation; however, the predictors of clinical outcomes were related to the traditional CAD risk factors and the mortality rate of patients with refractory angina treated with spinal cord stimulation was found to be similar to that of patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease.[25][26][27]

Prospective Study

One prospective study that evaluated the effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on regional myocardial perfusion as assessed by positron emission tomography, reported a SCS-induced improvement in the exercise-induced angina and electrocardiographic signs of ischemia; however, this influence did not appear to be mediated by the changes in regional myocardial perfusion.[9]

Cohort Studies

Four cohort studies that evaluated the effect of spinal cord stimulation in the management of refractory angina, reported significant relief of anginal symptoms and an improvement in exercise tolerance secondary to the reduction in myocardial ischemia.[22][8][28] Thus, these studies concluded the use of SCS as an effective adjuvant therapy for intractable angina, despite a relatively disadvantage of frequent electrode dislocation.[29]

ACC/AHA Guidelines- Spinal Cord Stimulation (DO NOT EDIT)[30][31]

“

Class IIb

1. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS). (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Sources

  • The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [30]
  • TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [31]
  • Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology [32]
  • The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [33]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sanderson JE, Tomlinson B, Lau MS, So KW, Cheung AH, Critchley JA et al. (1995) The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on autonomic cardiovascular reflexes. Clin Auton Res 5 (2):81-4. PMID: 7620297
  2. ↑ Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, Andersson B, Bergh CH, Augustinsson LE, Emanuelsson H et al. (1993) Effects of spinal cord stimulation in angina pectoris induced by pacing and possible mechanisms of action. BMJ 307 (6902):477-80. PMID: 8400930
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mannheimer C, Carlsson CA, Emanuelsson H, Vedin A, Waagstein F, Wilhelmsson C (1985) The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with severe angina pectoris. Circulation 71 (2):308-16. PMID: 3871177
  4. ↑ Eliasson T, Mannheimer C, Waagstein F, Andersson B, Bergh CH, Augustinsson LE et al. (1998) Myocardial turnover of endogenous opioids and calcitonin-gene-related peptide in the human heart and the effects of spinal cord stimulation on pacing-induced angina pectoris. Cardiology 89 (3):170-7. PMID: 9570430
  5. ↑ Norrsell H, Eliasson T, Mannheimer C, Augustinsson LE, Bergh CH, Andersson B et al. (1997) Effects of pacing-induced myocardial stress and spinal cord stimulation on whole body and cardiac norepinephrine spillover. Eur Heart J 18 (12):1890-6. PMID: 9447316
  6. ↑ Emanuelsson H, Mannheimer C, Waagstein F, Wilhelmsson C (1987) Catecholamine metabolism during pacing-induced angina pectoris and the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Am Heart J 114 (6):1360-6. PMID: 3500628
  7. ↑ Mobilia G, Zuin G, Zanco P, Di Pede F, Pinato G, Neri G et al. (1998) [Effects of spinal cord stimulation on regional myocardial blood flow in patients with refractory angina. A positron emission tomography study.] G Ital Cardiol 28 (10):1113-9. PMID: 9834863
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hautvast RW, Blanksma PK, DeJongste MJ, Pruim J, van der Wall EE, Vaalburg W et al. (1996) Effect of spinal cord stimulation on myocardial blood flow assessed by positron emission tomography in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 77 (7):462-7. PMID: 8629585
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 De Landsheere C, Mannheimer C, Habets A, Guillaume M, Bourgeois I, Augustinsson LE et al. (1992) Effect of spinal cord stimulation on regional myocardial perfusion assessed by positron emission tomography. Am J Cardiol 69 (14):1143-9. PMID: 1575182
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ekre O, Eliasson T, Norrsell H, Währborg P, Mannheimer C, Electrical Stimulation versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Severe Angina Pectoris (2002) Long-term effects of spinal cord stimulation and coronary artery bypass grafting on quality of life and survival in the ESBY study. Eur Heart J 23 (24):1938-45. PMID: 12473256
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, Augustinsson LE, Blomstrand C, Emanuelsson H, Larsson S et al. (1998) Electrical stimulation versus coronary artery bypass surgery in severe angina pectoris: the ESBY study. Circulation 97 (12):1157-63. PMID: 9537342
  12. ↑ Mannheimer C, Camici P, Chester MR, Collins A, DeJongste M, Eliasson T et al. (2002) The problem of chronic refractory angina; report from the ESC Joint Study Group on the Treatment of Refractory Angina. Eur Heart J 23 (5):355-70. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2001.2706 PMID: 11846493
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Eliasson T, Jern S, Augustinsson LE, Mannheimer C (1994) Safety aspects of spinal cord stimulation in severe angina pectoris. Coron Artery Dis 5 (10):845-50. PMID: 7866604
  14. ↑ de Jongste MJ, Hautvast RW, Hillege HL, Lie KI (1994) Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation as adjuvant therapy for intractable angina pectoris: a prospective, randomized clinical study. Working Group on Neurocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 23 (7):1592-7. PMID: 8195519
  15. ↑ Kujacic V, Eliasson T, Mannheimer C, Jablonskiene D, Augustinsson LE, Emanuelsson H (1993) Assessment of the influence of spinal cord stimulation on left ventricular function in patients with severe angina pectoris: an echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 14 (9):1238-44. PMID: 8223739
  16. ↑ Mannheimer C, Augustinsson LE, Carlsson CA, Manhem K, Wilhelmsson C (1988) Epidural spinal electrical stimulation in severe angina pectoris. Br Heart J 59 (1):56-61. PMID: 3257701
  17. ↑ Mannheimer C, Carlsson CA, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C (1986) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in angina pectoris. Pain 26 (3):291-300. PMID: 3534690
  18. ↑ Mannheimer C, Carlsson CA, Ericson K, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C (1982) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in severe angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 3 (4):297-302. PMID: 6982163
  19. ↑ Andersen C, Hole P, Oxhøj H (1994) Does pain relief with spinal cord stimulation for angina conceal myocardial infarction? Br Heart J 71 (5):419-21. PMID: 8011404
  20. ↑ de Jongste MJ, Haaksma J, Hautvast RW, Hillege HL, Meyler PW, Staal MJ et al. (1994) Effects of spinal cord stimulation on myocardial ischaemia during daily life in patients with severe coronary artery disease. A prospective ambulatory electrocardiographic study. Br Heart J 71 (5):413-8. PMID: 8011403
  21. ↑ Sanderson JE, Ibrahim B, Waterhouse D, Palmer RB (1994) Spinal electrical stimulation for intractable angina--long-term clinical outcome and safety. Eur Heart J 15 (6):810-4. PMID: 8088270
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Greco S, Auriti A, Fiume D, Gazzeri G, Gentilucci G, Antonini L et al. (1999) Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of refractory angina pectoris: a two-year follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 22 (1 Pt 1):26-32. PMID: 9990597
  23. ↑ Hautvast RW, DeJongste MJ, Staal MJ, van Gilst WH, Lie KI (1998) Spinal cord stimulation in chronic intractable angina pectoris: a randomized, controlled efficacy study. Am Heart J 136 (6):1114-20. PMID: 9842028
  24. ↑ Jessurun GA, DeJongste MJ, Hautvast RW, Tio RA, Brouwer J, van Lelieveld S et al. (1999) Clinical follow-up after cessation of chronic electrical neuromodulation in patients with severe coronary artery disease: a prospective randomized controlled study on putative involvement of sympathetic activity. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 22 (10):1432-9. PMID: 10588144
  25. ↑ TenVaarwerk IA, Jessurun GA, DeJongste MJ, Andersen C, Mannheimer C, Eliasson T et al. (1999) Clinical outcome of patients treated with spinal cord stimulation for therapeutically refractory angina pectoris. The Working Group on Neurocardiology. Heart 82 (1):82-8. PMID: 10377314
  26. ↑ Murray S, Carson KG, Ewings PD, Collins PD, James MA (1999) Spinal cord stimulation significantly decreases the need for acute hospital admission for chest pain in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Heart 82 (1):89-92. PMID: 10377316
  27. ↑ Jessurun GA, Ten Vaarwerk IA, DeJongste MJ, Tio RA, Staal MJ (1997) Sequelae of spinal cord stimulation for refractory angina pectoris. Reliability and safety profile of long-term clinical application. Coron Artery Dis 8 (1):33-8. PMID: 9101120
  28. ↑ Eliasson T, Albertsson P, Hårdhammar P, Emanuelsson H, Augustinsson LE, Mannheimer C (1993) Spinal cord stimulation in angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms. Coron Artery Dis 4 (9):819-27. PMID: 8287216
  29. ↑ de Jongste MJ, Nagelkerke D, Hooyschuur CM, Journée HL, Meyler PW, Staal MJ et al. (1994) Stimulation characteristics, complications, and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation systems in patients with refractory angina: a prospective feasibility study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 17 (11 Pt 1):1751-60. PMID: 7838783
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999)guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).Circulation 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: 10351980
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107 (1):149-58. PMID: 12515758
  32. ↑ Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F; et al. (2006). [url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367 [1] "Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology"] Check |url= value (help). Eur Heart J. 27 (11): 1341–81. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001. PMID 16735367.
  33. ↑ Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 116 (23):2762-72.[2] PMID: 17998462


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