HIV AIDS historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans,[1] and similar viruses in other species (SIV, FIV, etc.).
Historical perspective
To read more about AIDS origin, click here
AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (now still classified as PCP but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.[2]
Three of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are:
- A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in Kinshasa, today part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[3]
- HIV found in tissue samples from "Robert R.", a 15 year old African-American teenager who died in St. Louis in 1969.[4]
- HIV found in tissue samples from Arvid Noe, a Norwegian sailor who died around 1976.[5]
Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent and more easily transmitted. HIV-1 is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world, while HIV-2 is not as easily transmitted and is largely confined to West Africa.[6] Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are of primate origin. The origin of HIV-1 is the Central Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) found in southern Cameroon.[7] It is established that HIV-2 originated from the Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus atys), an Old World monkey of Guinea Bissau, Gabon, and Cameroon.
Most experts believe that HIV probably transferred to humans as a result of direct contact with primates, for instance during hunting or butchery.[8] A more controversial theory known as the OPV AIDS hypothesis suggests that the AIDS epidemic was inadvertently started in the late 1950s in the Belgian Congo by Hilary Koprowski's research into a poliomyelitis vaccine.[9][10] According to scientific consensus, this scenario is not supported by the available evidence.[11][12][13]
A recent study states that HIV probably moved from Africa to Haiti and then entered the United States around 1969.[14]
References
- ↑ "The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome". NIAID. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ↑ Gottlieb MS (2006). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981". Am J Public Health. 96 (6): 980–1, discussion 982–3. PMID 16714472.
- ↑ Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ; et al. (1998). "An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the Epidemic". Nature. 391 (6667): 594&ndash, 597. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138.
- ↑ Kolata G (1987-10-28). "Boy's 1969 death suggests AIDS invaded U.S. several times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-06-19.
- ↑ Hooper E (1997). "Sailors and star-bursts, and the arrival of HIV". BMJ. 315 (7123): 1689&ndash, 1691. PMID 9448543.
- ↑ Reeves JD, Doms RW (2002). "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253&ndash, 1265. PMID 12029140.
- ↑ Keele BF, van Heuverswyn F, Li YY; et al. (2006). "Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–6. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMID 16728595.
- ↑ Cohen J (2000). "Vaccine Theory of AIDS Origins Disputed at Royal Society". Science. 289 (5486): 1850&ndash, 1851. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1850. PMID 11012346.
- ↑ Curtis T (1992). "The origin of AIDS". Rolling Stone (626). pp. 54&ndash, 59, 61, 106, 108. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ↑ Hooper E (1999). The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co. pp. 1&ndash, 1070. ISBN 0-316-37261-7.
- ↑ Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF; et al. (2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature. 428 (6985): 820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.
- ↑ Berry N, Jenkins A, Martin J; et al. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque nuclear sequences confirms substrate identity". Vaccine. 23: 1639&ndash, 1648. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.038. PMID 15705467.
- ↑ "Oral Polio Vaccine and HIV / AIDS: Questions and Answers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004-03-23. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ↑ Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M (2007). "The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18566–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705329104. PMID 17978186.