Glomerulonephritis classification
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Glomerulonephritis Main page |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Classification
They are categorized into several different pathological patterns, which are broadly grouped into non-proliferative or proliferative types. Diagnosing the pattern of GN is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types. Primary causes are one which are intrinsic to the kidney, whilst secondary causes are associated with certain infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), drugs, systemic disorders (SLE, vasculitis) or cancers.
Non Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
This is characterised by a lack of hypercellularity in the glomeruli. They usually cause nephrotic syndrome. This includes the following types:
1. Minimal change GN
This form of GN causes 80% of nephrotic syndrome in children, but only 20% in adults. As the name indicates, there are no changes visible on simple light microscopy, but on electron microscopy there is fusion of podocytes (supportive cells in the glomerulus). Immunohistochemistry staining is negative. Treatment consists of supportive care for the massive fluid accumulation in the patients body (= oedema) and as well as steroids to halt the disease process (e.g. Prednisone 1 mg/ kg). Over 90% of children respond well to steroids, being essentially cured after 3 months of treatment. Adults have a lower response rate (80%). Failure to respond to steroids ('steroid resistant') or return of the disease when steroids are stopped ('steroid dependent') may require cytotoxic therapy (e.g. cyclosporin) which is associated with many side-effects. As we all may know
2. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
FSGS may be primary or secondary to reflux nephropathy, Alport syndrome, heroin use or HIV. FSGS presents as a nephrotic syndrome with varying degrees of impaired renal function (seen as a rising serum creatinine, hypertension). As the name suggests, only certain foci of glomeruli within the kidney are affected, and then only a segment of an individual glomerulus.
The pathological lesion is sclerosis (fibrosis) within the glomerulus and hyalinisation of the feeding arterioles, but no increase in the number of cells (hence non proliferative). The hyaline is an amorphous material, pink, homogeneous, resulting from combination of plasma proteins, increased mesangial matrix and collagen. Staining for antibodies and complement is essentially negative. Steroids are often tried but not shown to be effective. 50% of people with FSGS continue to have progressive deterioration of kidney function, ending in renal failure.
3. Membranous glomerulonephritis
Presents as nephrotic syndrome, leading cause in adults (35%). It is usually idiopathic, but may be associated with cancers (lung, bowel), infection (hepatitis, malaria), drugs (penicillamine), SLE. The basement membrane on which the glomerular cells sit is thickened, but no increase in cells. Immune staining shows diffuse granular uptake of IgG (immunoglobulin G) and complement type 3. A third of people continue having the disease, 1/3 remit, 1/3 progress to end-stage kidney failure. As glomerulonephritis progresses (in any type), the tubules of the kidney (which are separate to the glomerulus) also become affected, showing atrophy and hyalinisation. The kidney grossly appears shrunken. Treatment with steroids is attempted if it is progressive.