Anion gap
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.D. [2]
Overview
The anion gap is a representative of the unmeasured anions in the plasma, and is made of negatively charged phosphates, sulfates, organic acids and plasma proteins (including albumin). Rather than measuring all these anions in a patient, an indirect way is to measure the difference of the dominant cation i.e. sodium to the dominant anion i.e. chloride and bicarbonate with the understanding that the difference in anions is caused due to the unmeasured anions i.e. phosphate, sulfate, and albumin. Chloride and bicarbonate comprise 85% of the anions in the serum. The differential diagnosis of a patient with a metabolic acidosis is broad and can be narrowed and further evaluated by calculating the anion gap. The remaining anions are called the anion gap and is primarily formed by negative charges on plasma protein. Normal reference range AG is between 3 and 11 meq/L (average 6 meq/L).
Uses
The primary function of the anion gap measurement is to allow a clinician to narrow down the possible causes of a patient's metabolic acidosis. For example, if a patient presents with metabolic acidosis, but a normal anion gap, then conditions that cause a high anion gap can be ruled out as being the cause of the acidosis.
Calculation
It is calculated by subtracting the serum concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate (anions) from the concentrations of sodium plus potassium (cations):
- Serum AG = Measured cations - measured anions; Serum AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)
- Serum AG = Unmeasured anions - unmeasured cations
- Anion Gap = ( [Na+]+[K+] ) - ( [Cl-]+[HCO3-] )
- However, for daily practice, the potassium is frequently ignored, leaving the following equation:
- Anion Gap = ( [Na+] ) - ( [Cl-]+[HCO3-] )
Interpretation
Anion gap can be classified as either high, normal or, in rare cases, low. A high anion gap indicates that there is loss of HCO3- without a subsequent increase in Cl-. Electroneutrality is maintained by the increased production of anions like ketones, lactate, PO4-, and SO4-; these anions are not part of the anion-gap calculation and therefore a high anion gap results. In patients with a normal anion gap the drop in HCO3- is compensated for by an increase in Cl- and hence is also known as hyperchloremic acidosis.
Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Anion gap
Low anion gap
A low anion gap is relatively rare but may occur from the presence of abnormal positively charged proteins, as in multiple myeloma, or in the setting of a low serum albumin level.
- Electrolyte abnormality - hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia, underestimation of serum sodium
- Hyperviscosity-multiple myeloma, paraproteinemia
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Lithium toxicity
- Pheochromocytoma
- Bromism [1]
- Dilution
Normal anion gap (hyperchloremic acidosis)
Usually the HCO3- lost is replaced by a chloride anion, and thus there is a normal anion gap. Urine anion gap is useful in evaluating a patient with a normal anion gap.
- Enteral causes
- Diarrhea (note: vomiting causes hypochloraemic alkalosis)
- Pancreatitis, Pancreatic fistula
- Arginine and lysine during total parenteral nutrition
- Ureteroenterostomy
- Ileal stoma
- Ammonium chloride and Acetazolamide (Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
- Renal loss of HCO3- i.e. proximal renal tubular acidosis, renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, distal renal tubular acidosis
- Alcohol (such as ethanol) can effect anion gap by inducing alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.
- Recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis
High anion gap
The bicarbonate lost is replaced by an unmeasured anion and thus you will see a high anion gap. The mnemonic "MUDPILES" is used to remember the causes of a high anion gap.
M - methanol/metformin
U - uremia
D - diabetic ketoacidosis
P - paraldehyde/propylene glycol
I - Infection/ischemia/isoniazid
L - lactate
E - ethylene glycol/ethanol
S - salicylates/starvation
Some people, especially those not in the emergency room, find the mnemonic KIL-U easier to remember and also more useful clinically:
K - Ketones
I - Ingestion
L - lactic acid
U - uremia
All of the components of "mudpiles" are also covered with the "KIL-U" device, with the bonus that these are things that can kill you.
Ketones: more straightforward than remembering diabetic ketosis and starvation ketosis, etc.
Ingestion: methanol, metformin, paraldehyde, propylene glycol, isoniazid, ethylene glycol, ethanol, and salicilates are covered by ingestion. These can be thought of as a single group: "ingestions" during the initial consideration, especially when not triaging a patient in the emergency room.
Lactate: including that caused by infection and shock
References
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:34 ISBN 1591032016