Thrombophilia causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Causes

Inherited

Common types:

G1691A mutation in factor V gene (Factor V, Leiden type; 5% of the population are heterozygous for FVL)
Prothrombin (factor II) mutation (G20210A, 5'UTR)
Homozygous C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene

Rare forms:

Plasminogen and fibrinolysis disorders
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Antithrombin III deficiency
Dysfibrinogenemia
Homozygous homocystinuria
Increased levels of factor VIII, factor IX, factor XI, or fibrinogen.

Acquired

Antiphospholipid antibodies
- anti-cardiolipin antibodies and/or
- lupus anticoagulants
Renal disease (renal loss of antithrombin)
High homocysteine levels due to vitamin deficiency (vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid).
Immobility
Pregnancy and puerperium
Oral contraceptive pills
Malignancy
Obesity
African American race
Hormone replacement therapy
Surgery and trauma
Older age
Myeloproliferative disorders
Previous thrombosis

Causes of Thrombophilia by Organ System

(By organ system)

Cardiovascular	• Cerebral vein thrombosis • Acute myocardial infarction • Deep vein thrombophlebitis • Portal vein thrombosis • Pelvic thrombophlebitis
Drug Side Effect	• Asparaginase • Bevacizumab • Combined oral contraceptive pill • Cyproterone • Diethylstilboestrol • Drospirenone • Eltrombopag • Erythropoietin • Ethinylestradiol • Fosfestrol • Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor • Heparin • Hormone replacement therapy • Lenalidomide • Peginesatide • Polyestradiol • Raloxifene • Strontium ranelate • Tamoxifen • Tobacco smoking • Tranexamic acid • Vorinostat
Endocrine	• Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma
Gastroenterologic	• Acute pancreatitis • Portal hypertension
Genetic	Congenital Dysfibrinogenemia • Factor II mutation • Hereditary thrombophlebitis • Antithrombin III deficiency • Factor V Leiden mutation • Protein C deficiency • Protein S deficiency • Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome • Klinefelter syndrome • Sickle cell disease • Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1b • Factor XII deficiency • Haemoglobin SC disease • Hyperprothrombinemia 20210G-A • Plasminogen deficiency • Activated protein C resistance • CD59 antigen deficiency • Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency
Hematologic	• Polycythemia vera • Essential thrombocythemia • Myeloproliferative disease • Hyperviscosity syndrome • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria • Thrombocytosis • Raised homocysteine levels
Iatrogenic	• Surgical complication
Infectious Disease	• Intraperitoneal abscess • Acute peritonitis • Visceral abscess • Diverticulitis • Intravenous catheter infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	• Orthopedic surgeries • Abdominal surgery
Nutritional / Metabolic	• Cystathionuria • Homocystinuria • Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency • Metabolic Syndrome • Insulin resistance • Folic acid deficiency • Obesity
Obstetric/Gynecologic	• Pregnancy • Puerperium period • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	• Malignancy • Peritoneal metastasis • Adenocarcinoma of cecum • Adenocarcinoma of colon • Occult malignancy • Leukemia • Pancreatic cancer • Glucagonoma
Renal / Electrolyte	• Chronic renal failure • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria • Nephrotic syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	• Antiphospholipid Syndrome • Circulating anticoagulant • Heparin induced thrombocytopenia • Inflammatory bowel disease • Crohn's disease• Behcet disease • Hughes-Stovin syndrome • Polyarteritis Nodosa • SLE
Trauma	• Trauma • Abdominal trauma
Miscellaneous	• Paraneoplastic syndrome • Hypereosinophilic syndrome • Immobility

References

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Thrombophilia causes

Overview

Causes

Inherited

Acquired

Causes of Thrombophilia by Organ System

References

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