Diastolic dysfunction physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shankar Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
In general, signs of both left sided heart failure and right sided heart failure are present. There is often jugular venous distension due to dysfunction of the right ventricle and pulmonary edema due to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
- The patient is often sitting upright and there may be labored breathing during an acute episode.
- The patient's weight should be recorded to ascertain how far they are from their "dry" weight.
Vitals
Pulse
Rate
- Tachycardia may be present during an episode of acute heart failure
Blood Pressure
- A narrow pulse pressure (systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure is < 25 mm Hg) may be present.
Respiratory Rate
- Tachypnea (an increased rate of breathing) and an increased work of breathing may be present during an episode of acute heart failure
Skin
- The skin is cool and clammy consistent with hypoperfusion or cardiogenic shock may be present during an episode of acute heart failure
- Cyanosis is observed if severe hypoxemia is present during an episode of acute heart failure
- Anasarca may be present due to chronic heart failure
Neck
- Jugular vein distention is often present in both acute and chronic heart failure
- Central venous pressure > 16 cmH2O is often present in both acute and chronic heart failure
Lungs
- Pleural effusion with dullness to percussion at the bases
- Rales
Heart
- If the right ventricular pressure is increased, a parasternal heave may be present, signifying the compensatory increase in contraction strength.
Auscultation
- S3 and a gallop rhythm
- Underlying valvular heart disease causes of diastolic heart failure such as mitral stenosis, and aortic stenosis may be auscultated.
Abdomen
Extremities
Neurologic
- Confusion and altered mentation
Signs that represent left sided failure include cool clammy skin, cyanosis, rales,and a gallop rhythm. Signs that represent right sided failure include an elevated JVP, pedal edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, a parasternal heave and hepatojugular reflux. Commonly signs of both left and right sided failure are present.