Congenital heart disease epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Keri Shafer, M.D. [2],Atif Mohammad, M.D., Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [4]
Overview
Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect, affecting one in every 125 live births. More children die each year from congenital heart disease than from all forms of pediatric cancers combined.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. Many multinational organizations have collected statistics regarding the incidence and prevalence of congenital heart disease.
- Affects approximately one in every 125 babies born. March of Dimes
- The eight most common congenital heart defects account for 80% of all congenital heart diseases, while the remaining 20% consist of many independently infrequent conditions or combinations of several defects.
- In the US, 40,000 people each year are born with congenital heart disease. Children's Heart Foundation
- In the US, 4,000 out of the 40,000 do not survive past infancy and into the second year of life. Children's Heart Foundation
- In the US, twice as many children die each year from congenital heart disease than from all forms of pediatric cancers combined. Children's Heart Foundation
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD) accounts for one-third of all congenital heart disease, making it the most common congenital heart defect.
- Incidence of VSD is:
- 4-5% higher when a parent or sibling has a heart defect.
- 3-4% higher in stilborns
- 10-25% higher in abortuses
- 2% higher in premature infants
- Approximately 1 million adults in united states are estemated to have Congenital heart defect.
- Growth of population with congenital heart defect is 5%
The number of adults with problems connected to a congenital heart defect is rising, passing the number of children with congenital heart defects in most Western countries. This group is referred to as grown-up congenital heart disease (GUCH) patients.
Gender
According to "Teratological rule of sexual dimorphism" (V. Geodakian, 1970), inborn anomalies that have atavistic nature appear more frequently among females, and futuristic anomalies appear among males. This rule was applied to explain differences in sex ratio observed for congenital heart defects.[1][2]
In the 32,000 diagnoses of "female" malformations, those relating to the heart of the embryo and to the phylogenetic human predecessors predominated (Table). The most well-defined female's defects are patent ductus arteriosus (1♂ : 2.72♀), Lutembacher disease (1♂ : 2.1♀), and ostium secundum (1♂ : 1.84♀).
Sex ratio of patients with congenital heart defects Congenital heart defect Sex ratio, males:females Patent ductus arteriosus 1 : 2.72 Lutembaher disease 1 : 2.14 Ostium secundum 1 : 1.84 Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus 1 : 1.51 Fallot's triad 1 : 1.45 Eisenmenger's complex 1 : 1.40 Partial atrioventricular canal 1 : 1.36 Ostium primum 1 : 1.20 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection 1 : 1.19 Ventricular septal defect 1 : 1.02 Potts and Waterston-Cooley shunts 1 : 1.01 Atrioventricular canal 1 : 1.01 Ebstein's anomaly 1.02 : 1 Stenosis of lung artery 1.04 : 1 Tricuspid atresia 1.16 : 1 Truncus arteriosus 1.21 : 1 Tetralogy of Fallot 1.35 : 1 Coarctation of aorta and an open arterial channel 1.37 : 1 Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection 1.39 : 1 Transposition of the great arteries 1.90 : 1 Coarctation of the aorta 2.14 : 1 Aortic stenosis 2.66 : 1
Most well-defined "male" congenital heart defects are: aortic stenosis (2.66♂ : 1♀), coarctation of the aorta (2.14♂ : 1♀), transpositions of the great arteries (1.90♂ : 1♀), a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (1.39♂ : 1♀), and coarctation of aorta with an open arterial channel (1.37♂ : 1♀). None of the male's components of congenital heart defects have a corresponding similar formation at normal embryo or at phylogenetic predecessors of the humans. They can be considered as unsuccessful tests of the evolution process.