Atrial flutter causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart. Most common causes of atrial flutter are coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease and valve abnormalities of the heart.

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of atrial flutter include:

Causes By Organ System

Cardiovascular	Atherosclerosis, Atrial myxoma, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiac surgery (scarring), Congenital heart disease, Congestive heart failure, Heart attack, Hypertension, LV hypertrophy, Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT), Mitral valve prolapse, Mitral valve stenosis, Myocardial ischemia, Pericarditis, Rheumatic heart valve
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamines, Diet pills
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Diabetes, Hyperthyroidism, Obesity, Pheochromocytoma
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Myotonic dystrophy (rare)
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Digitalis toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Hypoxia, Pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte	Electrolyte imbalance
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Alcohol consumption, Caffeine, Cocaine, Sarcoidosis

Causes In Alphabetical Order

Alcohol consumption
Amphetamines
Atherosclerosis
Atrial myxoma
Caffeine
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac surgery (scarring)^[2]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cocaine
Congenital heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Diabetes
Diet pills
Digitalis toxicity
Electrolyte imbalance
Heart attack
Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoxia
Incomplete left atrial ablation procedures
LV hypertrophy
Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT)^[3]
Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral valve stenosis
Myocardial ischemia
Myotonic dystrophy in childhood
Obesity
Pericarditis
Pheochromocytoma
Pulmonary embolism
Rheumatic hear valve
Sarcoidosis^[4]

Sick sinus syndrome

References

↑ Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Yim SM, Jang SW, Chun HJ; et al. (2012). "A case of left ventricular noncompaction accompanying fasciculo-ventricular accessory pathway and atrial flutter". Korean Circ J. 42 (10): 705–8. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.10.705. PMC 3493809. PMID 23170100. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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[pmid23280242-1] Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23279349-2] Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23170100-3] Yim SM, Jang SW, Chun HJ; et al. (2012). "A case of left ventricular noncompaction accompanying fasciculo-ventricular accessory pathway and atrial flutter". Korean Circ J. 42 (10): 705–8. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.10.705. PMC 3493809. PMID 23170100. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23233762-4] Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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