Pacemaker syndrome echocardiography

	Pacemaker syndrome Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

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Echocardiography

Transthoracic echocardiogram may reveal reduced cardiac output especially with the ventricularly paced rhythms in patients with pacemaker syndrome.
Lee and associates reported the following findings on transesophageal echocardiogram:
- Higher atrial reverse velocities
- Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta
- Mitral regurgitation in ventricularly paced rhythms