Schizophrenia epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Epidemiology
Schizophrenia occurs equally in males and females although typically appears earlier in men with the peak ages of onset being 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females.[1] Much rarer are instances of childhood-onset[2] and late- (middle age) or very-late-onset (old age) schizophrenia.[3] The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia, that is, the proportion of individuals expected to experience the disease at any time in their lives, is commonly given at 1%. A 2002 systematic review of many studies, however, found a lifetime prevalence of 0.55%.[4] Despite the received wisdom that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates throughout the world, its prevalence varies across the world,[5] within countries,[6] and at the local and neighbourhood level.[7] One particularly stable and replicable finding has been the association between living in an urban environment and schizophrenia diagnosis, even after factors such as drug use, ethnic group and size of social group have been controlled for.[8] Schizophrenia is known to be a major cause of disability. In a 1999 study of 14 countries, active psychosis was ranked the third-most-disabling condition, after quadriplegia and dementia and before paraplegia and blindness.[9]
References
- ↑
- ↑ Kumra S, Shaw M, Merka P, Nakayama E, Augustin R. (2001) Childhood-onset schizophrenia: research update. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46 (10), 923–30.
- ↑ Hassett A, Ames D, Chiu E (eds) (2005) Psychosis in the Elderly. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 18418439446
- ↑
- ↑ Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. (1992) Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement, 20, 1–97. PMID 1565705
- ↑ Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, et al. (2006) Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings From the 3-center ÆSOP study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 250–258. PMID 16520429
- ↑ Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Murray RM, Jones PB. (2007) Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(6), 438-45. PMID 17473901
- ↑ Van Os J. (2004). Does the urban environment cause psychosis? British Journal of Psychiatry, 184 (4), 287–288. PMID 15056569
- ↑ Ustun TB, Rehm J, Chatterji S, Saxena S, Trotter R, Room R, Bickenbach J, and the WHO/NIH Joint Project CAR Study Group (1999). Multiple-informant ranking of the disabling effects of different health conditions in 14 countries. The Lancet, 354(9173), 111–115. PMID 10408486