Polytrauma
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Polytrauma is a medical term describing the condition of a person who has been subjected to multiple traumatic injuries, such as a serious head injury AND a serious burn.
The term has become common among US military doctors in describing the seriously injured soldiers returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). The term however is generic, and has been in use for a long time for any case involving multiple traumata.
Classification
Civilian Medicine
In civilian life, polytraumas are often associated with motor vehicle accidents. This is because car accidents usually occur at a high velocity and subsequent injury is usually severe and consists of multiple damages. On admission to a hospital any trauma patient should immediately undergo x-ray diagnosis of their cervical spine, chest and their pelvis, commonly known as a 'trauma series', to ascertain possible life threatening injuries. Examples would be a fractured cervical vertebra, a severely fractured pelvis, or a hemothorax. Once the initial survey is complete, x-rays can be taken of the limbs to assess for other possible fractures.
It is also quite common in severe trauma for patients to go straight to CT or an operating room if they require emergency treatment.
A retrospective study of 93 children (average age of 8.0 +/- 4.1 years) with polytrauma and at least one major musculoskeletal injury showed that 80% of the incidents had been caused in this way (motor vehicle accident).[1]
Military Medicine
Polytrauma often results from blast injuries sustained by improvised explosive devices, or by a hit with a rocket-propelled grenade, with "Improvised explosive devices, blasts, landmines, and fragments account[ing] for 65 percent of combat injuries...".[2] The combination of high-pressure waves, explosive fragments, and falling debris may produce multiple injuries including brain injury, loss of limbs, burns, fractures, blindness and hearing loss,[3] with 60 percent of those injured in this way having some degree of traumatic brain injury.[2]
In some ways, the existence of polytrauma is in fact a sign of medical advancement, for in previous wars, soldiers with such multiple damage types simply did not survive in most cases, even if quickly transferred into hospital care. The downside is however that many of the victims, though surviving, will never fully regain their physical or mental form. They are also prone to post traumatic stress disorder.[2]
Treatment
There are currently (2007) four clinics in the US specializing in polytrauma. They are managed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and are located in Minneapolis, Minn., Palo Alto, Calif., Richmond, Va. and Tampa, Florida.[3] In addition to the actual intensive care insofar as still required, these hospitals mainly specialize in rehabilitative treatment.
The treatment and rehabilitative care for polytrauma patients is a very extensive and time-consuming activity. The recommended staffing numbers (FTE = Full Time Equivalent) for six rehabilitation treatment beds are:[2]
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In other words - 2.8 people are required full time for every patient, often for months, while some care may be required for decades.
References
- ↑ Factors predictive of immobilization Complications in pediatric polytrauma - Loder, Randall T. et al, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2001, vol. 15, no5, pp. 338-341
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Polytrauma Rehabilitation Procedures - Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Handbook, Thursday September 22 2005
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 President's Project: Support for VAMC Polytrauma Centers (from the American Legion Auxiliary website)