Metabolic syndrome epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies depending on the age and ethnicity of the population studied. But over the past few decades prevalence has increased many fold. It is higher in western countries, with increasing ages and in certain races like Mexican-Americans and African-Americans.
Epidemiology and Demographics
United States
- According to a 1999-2000 survey, prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults aged 20 years or older was found to be 32% compared to 27% in a survey done during year 1988-1994 [1].
- There is a constant increase in prevalence of metabolic syndrome and more than 25% of US population meets the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome.
International
- The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is approximately 25% in European and Latin American countries [2].
- Also, with westernization of lifestyle and food habit there has been a constant increase in its prevalence in Asian countries. However, the prevalence is still less compared to the western population (approximately 8-18%).
Race
- The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome were defined initially for Caucasian population. However, these definitions are not uniform among different races.
- Highest age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States was found to be in Native American patients, with nearly 60% of women and 45% of men aged 45-49 years meet the ATP III criteria [3] (approximately 31.9%, 1999-2000 survey).
- High prevalence is also seen in African Americans especially women.
Gender
- Age adjusted prevalence in male - (24%)
- Age adjusted prevalence in female - (23%)
- However, females have increased risks for metabolic syndrome due to association of certain factors like pregnancy, oral contraceptives pills (OCP) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [4].
- Some association is found between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal females.
Age
- Prevalence increases with age.
- 2 out of 5 people above 60 years of age fall under the criteria of metabolic syndrome.
- Increased prevalence in pediatric population is attributed to increased incidence of obesity early in childhood.
References
- ↑ Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH (2004). "Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among u.s. Adults". Diabetes Care. 27 (10): 2444–9. PMID 15451914.
- ↑ Grundy SM (2008). "Metabolic syndrome pandemic". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28 (4): 629–36. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.151092. PMID 18174459.
- ↑ Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2002). "Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". JAMA. 287 (3): 356–9. PMID 11790215.
- ↑ Bentley-Lewis R, Koruda K, Seely EW (2007). "The metabolic syndrome in women". Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 3 (10): 696–704. doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0616. PMID 17893688.