High HDL epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiological studies have revealed that men have lower levels of HDL compared to women. Exercise, low dietary fat, and moderate alcohol consumption are associated with higher levels of HDL.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Exact data regarding the prevalence of high HDL serum level is not well documented. On the other hand, the inverse relationship between the HDL level and the risk of cardiovascular disease has been documented by the Framingham Heart Study; for a given level of LDL the risk of heart disease increases 10-fold as the HDL varies from high to low.[1]
- In 1980, a large cross section study that included 4756 white males and females aged 20-59 years, was conducted to assess the association of different factors to the HDL level. The study population was further stratified according to age, sex, and gonadal hormone use. Higher levels of HDL have been associated with female gender, moderate alcohol consumption and exercise.[2]
- A more recent study that compared the demographic and behavioral correlates of HDL-cholesterol between Northern Italy and the US indicated that physical activity is positively associated with HDL mean levels. The study has found that education level is positively associated with HDL levels only in the American sample.[3]
References
- ↑ Rahilly-Tierney CR, Spiro A, Vokonas P, Gaziano JM (2011). "Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and survival to age 85 years in men (from the VA normative aging study)". Am J Cardiol. 107 (8): 1173–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.015. PMID 21296318.
- ↑ Heiss G, Johnson NJ, Reiland S, Davis CE, Tyroler HA (1980). "The epidemiology of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Summary". Circulation. 62 (4 Pt 2): IV116–36. PMID 7418140.
- ↑ Ferrario M, Cesana GC, Heiss G, Linn SA, Mocarelli P, Tyroler HA (1992). "Demographic and behavioural correlates of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. An international comparison between northern Italy and the United States". Int J Epidemiol. 21 (4): 665–75. PMID 1521969.