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Revision as of 15:42, 27 September 2013 by Ayokunle Olubaniyi (talk | contribs)
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A B C
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Low HDL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rule out secondary causes
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Uremia
Liver disease
Medications - diuretics, progestin, androgens, beta blockers
Acute illness - MI, burns, surgery
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lifestyle modification
Diet[1]
Physical exercise
Smoking cessation
Weight loss[2]
Intake of unhydrogenated monounsaturated fat[3][4] e.g., olive oil, canola oil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No Coronary heart disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assess risk
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High risk

CHD risk>20% per 10 years
 
 
 
 
Low risk

CHD≤20% per 10 years
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statins or Niacin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Positive family history of premature CHD
 
 
 
 
 
Negative family history of premature CHD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Considar statins or niacin
 
 
 
 
 
Continue non-pharmacological approach



 
 
 
 
Low HDL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rule out secondary causes
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Uremia
Liver disease
Medications - diuretics, progestin, androgens, beta blockers
Acute illness - MI, burns, surgery
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lifestyle modification
Diet
Physical exercise
Smoking cessation
Weight loss
Intake of unhydrogenated monounsaturated fat e.g., olive oil, canola oil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No Coronary heart disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assess risk
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High risk

CHD risk>20% per 10 years
 
 
 
 
Low risk

CHD≤20% per 10 years
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statins or Niacin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Positive family history of premature CHD
 
 
 
 
 
Negative family history of premature CHD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Considar statins or niacin
 
 
 
 
 
Continue non-pharmacological approach


Causes of Hypotension in Alphabetical Order



Hypotension

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aortic aneurysm rupture, Aortic Arch Syndrome, Aortic Isthmus Stenosis, Aortic regurgitation, Aortic stenosis, Atrioventricular node conduction block, Baroceptor dysfunction in the elderly, Capillary leak syndrome, Cardiac tamponade, Cardiogenic shock, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Carotid sinus syndrome, Coarctation of aorta, Complete heart block, Constrictive pericarditis, Cor triatriatum, Dissecting aortic aneurysm, Distributive shock, Eisenmenger's syndrome, Embolism, Endocrine shock, Endotoxic shock, Heart arrhythmia, Heart block, Heart failure, Heart injury, Hemorrhagic shock, Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome , Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Hypovolemic shock, Idiopathic hypotension, Iliac artery aneurysm rupture, Internal bleeding, Ischaemic heart disease, Myocardial infarction, Myocardial ischemia, Obstructive shock, Orthostatic hypotension, Pericardial effusion, Pericarditis, Perimyocarditis, Peripheral vasodilation, Postural hypotension, Pulmonary embolism, Shock, Sick sinus syndrome, Supraventricular tachycardia , Syncope, Systemic capillary leak syndrome, Tetralogy of Fallot, Traumatic shock, Tricuspid stenosis, Vasovagal syncope, Ventricular fibrillation, WPW syndrome, B type natriuretic peptide, Aortocaval compression syndrome, Atrial myxoma, Post-tussive syncope
Chemical / poisoning Acetaldehyde, Adiponitrile , Amyl nitrate, Copper, Cyanides, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon , Dioxathion, Disulfoton , Ethion , Fensulfothion, Fenthion, Honey bee bite, Indian tobacco, Iodine containing radiocontrast media, Malathion, Methidathion, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Mushroom poisoning , Parathion, Phosdrin, Poison hemlock, Profenofos, Scorpion bite, Sodium nitrite, Terbufos, Tetraethyl pyrophosphate , Tetrodotoxin, Tobacco , Wasp bite
Dermatologic Mastocytosis
Drug Side Effect Acetophenazine, Alcuronium, Alfuzosin, Aliskiren, Alseroxylon, Ambenonium, Ambrisentan, Amifostine, Aminoglutethimide, Amitriptyline, Amlodipine, Amoxapine, Amphotericin B, Amrinone, Antipsychotic agents, Apomorphine, Azilsartan medoxomil, Baclofen, Beta blockers, Bethanechol, Bethanidine, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Bretylium, Bromocriptine, Bupivacaine, Cabergoline, Calcium channel blockers, Candesartan, Captopril, Chloroquine, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorpromazine, Chlorthalidone, Cilazapril, Cinnarizine, Clevidipine, Clomipramine, Clonidine, Colchicine, Cyclobenzaprine, Deserpidine, Desferrioxamine, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Diazoxide, Dichlorvos , Dicobalt edetate, Dicrotophos , Diphenhydramine, Dipyridamole, Disopyramide, Distigmine, Diuretics, Donepezil , Dothiepin, Doxazosin, Doxepin, Enalapril, Epidural anaesthesia, Eplerenone, Epoprostenol, Etoposide, Felodipine , Fenoldopam, Fentanyl, Fosinopril, General anaesthesia, Glyceryl trinitrate, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Gray baby syndrome, Guanadrel, Guanethidine, Guanfacine, Haloperidol, Hexamethonium, Hydralazine, Hydroxyzine, Imipramine, Indapamide, Indoramin, Interleukin 2, Irbesartan, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate, Isoxsuprine, Isradipine, Ketanserin, Labetalol, L-DOPA, Levomepromazine, Levosimendan, Lidocaine , Lisinopril, Lithium, Lofexidine, Losartan, Mecamylamine, Methyldopa, Metirosine, Metolazone, Minoxidil, Morphine, Moxonidine, Nefazodone, Neostigmine, Niacin, Nicorandil, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nitroprusside, Nortriptyline, Olanzapine, , Olmesartan, Omapatrilat, Opioid poisoning, Paliperidone, Pentamidine, Perazine, Pergolide, Phenothiazines, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Pimobendan, Pinacidil, Pipothiazine, Piribedil, Pramipexole, Prazosin, Protamine sulfate, Protriptyline, Quetiapine, Ramipril, Rasagiline, Reboxetine, Reserpine, Rilmenidine, Risperidone, Rituximab, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Sassafras oil, Serotonin syndrome, Sildenafil, Silodosin, Sodium nitroprusside, Spironolactone, Streptokinase, Sulphonamides, Tacrine, Tadalafil, Tamsulosin, Terazosin, Tetrabenazine, Tizanidine, Tolazoline, Tramadol, Treprostinil, Trifluperidol, Trimethaphan, Trimipramine, Tubocurarine, Urapidil, Valerian, Valsartan, Vardenafil, Verapamil, Ziconotide, Zotepine, Diltiazem
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine ACTH deficiency, Acute adrenal insufficiency, Addisonian crisis, Addison's Disease, Adrenal hemorrhage, Adrenogenital syndrome, Adrenoleukodystrophy , B type natriuretic peptide, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Diabetes insipidus, Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma, Hypoaldosteronism, Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, Hypothyroidism, Myxedema, Myxedema coma, Panhypopituitarism, Pituitary insufficiency, Endocrine shock, Achalasia-addisonianism-alacrima syndrome, Allgrove syndrome, Triple-A syndrome, APECED Syndrome , Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Renon-Delille syndrome, Carcinoid syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Achalasia-addisonianism-alacrima syndrome, Acute liver failure , Acute pancreatitis, Allgrove syndrome, Bowel strangulation, Deglutition syncope, Diarrhea, Duodenal ulcer bleeding, Gastric ulcer bleeding, Gastric volvulus, Hepatitis, Intususception, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Paralytic Ileus, Peritonitis , Postprandial hypotension, Retroperitoneal haemorrhage, Small bowel obstruction, Splenic rupture, Triple-A syndrome, Tropical sprue , Variceal Bleeding, Vomiting, Hepatic vein thrombosis, Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
Genetic Acute intermittent porphyria, APECED Syndrome , Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency , Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 2, Hereditary peripheral nervous disorder , Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Renon-Delille syndrome, Riley-Day syndrome, Wohlwill-Andrade syndrome, Bartter syndrome, Achalasia-addisonianism-alacrima syndrome, Allgrove syndrome, Triple-A syndrome, Andrade's syndrome
Hematologic Anemia, Acute intermittent porphyria
Iatrogenic After a major surgery, Blood transfusion , Dialyzer hypersensitivity syndrome, Excessive fluid loss through dialysis, Gastric acid stimulation test using histamines, Mechanical ventilation, Post-operative, Renal dialysis, Transfusion Reaction
Infectious Disease Botulism, Cholera, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus, Lassa fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever , Septic shock, Septicemia , Toxic shock syndrome, Vibrio vulnificus, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome, Weil syndrome
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Vertebral fracture, Cervical spine injury, Fracture of bone
Neurologic Autonomic failure, Autonomic neuropathy, Binswanger's disease , Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, DOPA decarboxylase deficiency, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, Dysautonomia, Glosssopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Multiple system atrophy, Neurogenic shock, Parkinson's disease, Polyradiculitis, Seizures, Shy-Drager syndrome, Syringomyelia, Tabes dorsalis, Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome , Vasovagal syncope, Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Hereditary peripheral nervous disorder , Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3, Riley-Day syndrome, Wohlwill-Andrade syndrome, Andrade's syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Kwashiorkor
Obstetric/Gynecologic Aortocaval compression syndrome, Ectopic pregnancy rupture, Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, Postpartum haemorrhage, Pregnancy, Puerpural shock, Septic abortion , Uterine rupture
Oncologic Atrial myxoma, Carcinoid syndrome , Pheochromocytoma, Serotonin-secreting tumor
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Acetophenazine, Alcuronium, Alfuzosin, Aliskiren, Alseroxylon, Ambenonium, Ambrisentan, Amifostine, Aminoglutethimide, Amitriptyline, Amlodipine, Amoxapine, Amphotericin B, Amrinone, Antipsychotic agents, Apomorphine, Azilsartan medoxomil, Baclofen, Beta blockers, Bethanechol, Bethanidine, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Bretylium, Bromocriptine, Bupivacaine, Cabergoline, Calcium channel blockers, Candesartan, Captopril, Chloroquine, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorpromazine, Chlorthalidone, Cilazapril, Cinnarizine, Clevidipine, Clomipramine, Clonidine, Colchicine, Cyclobenzaprine, Deserpidine, Desferrioxamine, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Diazoxide, Dichlorvos , Dicobalt edetate, Dicrotophos , Diphenhydramine, Dipyridamole, Disopyramide, Distigmine, Diuretics, Donepezil , Dothiepin, Doxazosin, Doxepin, Enalapril, Epidural anaesthesia, Eplerenone, Epoprostenol, Etoposide, Felodipine , Fenoldopam, Fentanyl, Fosinopril, General anaesthesia, Glyceryl trinitrate, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Gray baby syndrome, Guanadrel, Guanethidine, Guanfacine, Haloperidol, Hexamethonium, Hydralazine, Hydroxyzine, Imipramine, Indapamide, Indoramin, Interleukin 2, Irbesartan, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate, Isoxsuprine, Isradipine, Ketanserin, Labetalol, L-DOPA, Levomepromazine, Levosimendan, Lidocaine , Lisinopril, Lithium, Lofexidine, Losartan, Mecamylamine, Methyldopa, Metirosine, Metolazone, Minoxidil, Morphine, Moxonidine, Nefazodone, Neostigmine, Niacin, Nicorandil, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nitroprusside, Nortriptyline, Olanzapine, , Olmesartan, Omapatrilat, Opioid poisoning, Paliperidone, Pentamidine, Perazine, Pergolide, Phenothiazines, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Pimobendan, Pinacidil, Pipothiazine, Piribedil, Pramipexole, Prazosin, Protamine sulfate, Protriptyline, Quetiapine, Ramipril, Rasagiline, Reboxetine, Reserpine, Rilmenidine, Risperidone, Rituximab, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Sassafras oil, Serotonin syndrome, Sildenafil, Silodosin, Sodium nitroprusside, Spironolactone, Streptokinase, Sulphonamides, Tacrine, Tadalafil, Tamsulosin, Terazosin, Tetrabenazine, Tizanidine, Tolazoline, Tramadol, Treprostinil, Trifluperidol, Trimethaphan, Trimipramine, Tubocurarine, Urapidil, Valerian, Valsartan, Vardenafil, Verapamil, Ziconotide, Zotepine, Magnesium overdose, Diltiazem
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa, Depression
Pulmonary Post-tussive syncope, Pulmonary edema, Tension pneumothorax, Pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte Bartter syndrome, Hypermagnesaemia, Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia, Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 2
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Amyloidosis, Anaphylactoid reaction, Andrade's syndrome, Food additive allergy , Urticaria, X-ray studies using contrast media, Anaphylactic shock, Honey bee bite, Scorpion bite, Wasp bite, Mastocytosis , Blood transfusion , Dialyzer hypersensitivity syndrome, Transfusion Reaction, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Wohlwill-Andrade syndrome
Sexual Renon-Delille syndrome
Trauma Blood vessel trauma, Burns, Cervical spine injury, Chemical burn, Fracture of bone, Severe burns, Shaken baby syndrome, Heart injury, Traumatic shock, Tension pneumothorax
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Decompression sickness, Dehydration, Excessive dieting , Fatigue, Heat exhaustion , Insufficient fluid intake, Low salt diet, Prolonged bed-rest, Snake bite, Valsalva maneuver, Volume depletion , Zero gravity , Micturition syncope, Syncope, Deglutition syncope, Hypothermia
  1. Wood, PD.; Stefanick, ML.; Dreon, DM.; Frey-Hewitt, B.; Garay, SC.; Williams, PT.; Superko, HR.; Fortmann, SP.; Albers, JJ. (1988). "Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise". N Engl J Med. 319 (18): 1173–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198811033191801. PMID 3173455. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Berns, MA.; de Vries, JH.; Katan, MB. (1989). "Increase in body fatness as a major determinant of changes in serum total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men over a 10-year period". Am J Epidemiol. 130 (6): 1109–22. PMID 2589304. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Oh, K.; Hu, FB.; Manson, JE.; Stampfer, MJ.; Willett, WC. (2005). "Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study". Am J Epidemiol. 161 (7): 672–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi085. PMID 15781956. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. Mensink, RP.; Katan, MB. (1990). "Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects". N Engl J Med. 323 (7): 439–45. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008163230703. PMID 2374566. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)