Renal cell carcinoma
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Contributors: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D., Cafer Zorkun M.D., PhD. Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Synonyms and key Words: RCC, renal cell CA, kidney cancer, kidney carcinoma, kidney CA, Grawitz tumor, hypernephroma
Overview
Historical Perspective
Renal cell carcinoma was first described in 1826. Following contradictory hypotheses regarding the origin of renal tumors, it was not until 1960 that Oberling and colleagues showed that renal carcinomas originate from renal cells.
Classification
Classification of renal cell carcinomas according to histopathological subtypes is based on the 1997 classification by Heidelberg and colleagues. Classification may also be according to the stage of renal cell carcinoma, which often is based on Robson classification system or the tumor-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) system.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Renal cell carcinoma from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The projected 5-year survival is significantly associated with the stage of the tumor at diagnosis. Stage I tumors are associated with more than 90% 5-year survival vs. less than 20% survival for tumors of stage IV. The potential aggression of a tumor has been shown to be associated with tumor size, grade of tumor, and histopathological subtype. High grade tumors greater than 7 cm of clear cell type generally have a higher aggressive potential than low grade tumors smaller than 3 cm of papillary type. Finally, complications vary according to the local extension of the tumor, and the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes and/or metastases.
Diagnosis
Staging | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Related Chapters
Template:Tumors Template:Nephrology Template:Tumor morphology
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