Cardiogenic shock historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Historical perspective
The term "cardiogenic shock" is thought to have first arisen in 1942 with Stead, who after studying a series of two patients, described them as having a "shock of cardiac origin". This designation would later be rephrased as "cardiogenic shock".[1] However, the clinical features of cardiogenic shock had first been described by Herrick, in 1912, who noticed in severe coronary artery disease patients a profound weakness, a rapid pulse, pulmonary rales, faint cardiac tones, cyanosis and dyspnea.[2]
In 1967, after studying a series of 250 patients with acute MI, Killip and Kimball proposed a clinical classification of hemodynamic status, which included 4 classes and that is still in widespread use:[3]
- I - no clinical signs of heart failure
- II - S3 gallop and/or basilar rales on lung auscultation and/or elevated JVP
- III - Pulmonary edema
- IV - Cardiogenic shock
Throughout the years the outcome of cardiogenic shock has been improving, with a decrease in mortality seen particularly during the 1990's. According to the studies, from 1975 to 1990, the in-hospital mortality from this condition averaged 77%. Between 1993 and 1995 this percentage declined to 61%, reaching about 59% in 1997. For this decrease, revascularization techniques along with an aggressive approach to shock have contributed greatly.[4]
References
- ↑ Stead, Eugene A. (1942). "SHOCK SYNDROME PRODUCED BY FAILURE OF THE HEART". Archives of Internal Medicine. 69 (3): 369. doi:10.1001/archinte.1942.00200150002001. ISSN 0003-9926.
- ↑ Herrick, James B. (1912). "CLINICAL FEATURES OF SUDDEN OBSTRUCTION OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES". Journal of the American Medical Association. LIX (23): 2015. doi:10.1001/jama.1912.04270120001001. ISSN 0002-9955.
- ↑ Killip T, Kimball JT (1967). "Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two year experience with 250 patients". Am J Cardiol. 20 (4): 457–64. PMID 6059183.
- ↑ Goldberg, Robert J.; Samad, Navid A.; Yarzebski, Jorge; Gurwitz, Jerry; Bigelow, Carol; Gore, Joel M. (1999). "Temporal Trends in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (15): 1162–1168. doi:10.1056/NEJM199904153401504. ISSN 0028-4793.