Sandbox/table

The following table contains the main risk factors for CDI:

Alterations in the coagulation system
Consumption of clotting factors
Increased concentrations of fibrin degradation products
Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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Differential Diagnosis of Measles

Disease	Agent	Typical Season	Typical Age	Prodrome	Fever	Duration of the rash (days)	Rash	Other Signs & Symptoms
Measles	Paramyxovirus Measles virus	Winter - Spring	1 to 20 years	2-4 days of cough, conjuctivitis, and coryza	High	5 - 6	Erythematous, irregular size, maculopapular; starts on temples & behind ears; progresses down from face; fades to brownish	Koplik’s spots: C blue-white papules (salt grains) on bright red mucosa opposite premolar teeth
Kawasaki disease	Unknown	Winter - Spring	< 5 years	3 days of abrupt fever	High; fever of 5 days is a diagnostic criteria	5 - 7	Erythematous, morbilliform, maculopapular or scarlatiniform, central distribution; erythematous, indurated palms and soles	Acute: dry, fissured and injected lips, strawberry tongue; irritability; cervical lymphadenopathy; conjunctival injection; peripheral edema Subacute: finger-tip desquamation; Complications: arthritis, carditis
Roseola Infantum (exanthem subitum)	Human herpes virus type 6	Any season	6 months to 2 years	None	High	1-2; it follows defervescence	Discrete erythematous macules, rarely involves face, begins as fever ends	Lymphadenopathy, irritability
Rubella	Togavirus	Spring	7 months to 29 years	0 - 4 days; mild malaise, fever; absent in children	Low grade	1 - 3	Discrete, rose-pink, diffuse, maculopapular; progresses downward from face, may change quickly	Arthralgia (usually in adults), tender posterior cervical and suboccipital lymphadenopathy, malaise, petechiae on soft palate
Scarlet Fever	ß-hemolytic streptococci	Winter	> 2 years	0 - 6 day, marked	Low to high	2 - 7	Scarlet "sunburn" with punctate papules "sandpaper", circumoral pallor, increased intensity in skin folds, blanches stars face/head, upper trunk and progresses downward	Sore throat, exudative tonsillitis, vomiting, abdominal pain, lmphadenopathy, white then red strawberry tongue
Erythema Infectiosum 9Fifth Disease)	Human parvovirus type B19	Spring	5 - 10 years	None, usually in children, may occur in adults	None to low-grade	2 - 4	Starts as “slapped cheek”, maculopapular; progresses to reticular (lacy) pattern; can recur with environmental changes such as sunlight exposure	Arthralgia/arthritis in adults, adenopathy
Enterovirus	Echovirus Coxsackie virus	Summer - Fall	Mainly childhood	0 - 1 day fever and myalias	Low to high	1 - 5	Fine, pink, always affects face; variant is Boston exanthem (large ~ 1 cm, discrete maculopapules)	Sore throat, headache, malaise, no lymphadenopathy, gastroenteritis
Dengue Fever	Flavivirus Dengue virus types 1 - 4			None	High	1 - 5	Generalized maculopapular rash after defervescence; spares palms and soles	Headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, vomiting
Drug induced rash	Many	Any	Any	Possible due to underlying illness	Possible	Varies	Typically diffuse but may be concentrated in diaper area, typically no progression, erythema multiform rash can progress over a few days	Possibly due to underlying illness or complications
Infectious Mononucleosis	Epstein-Barr Virus	None	10 - 30 years	2 - 5 days of malaise and fatigue	Low to high	2 - 7	Trunk and proximal extremities. Rash common if Ampicillin given	Pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, malaise
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever	Adenovirus types 2, 3, 4, 7, 7a	Winter - Spring	< 5 years		Low to high	3 - 5	Starts on face and spreads down to trunk and extremities	Sore throat, conjunctivitis, headache, anorexia

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Countries with a reported prevalence <15% of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin

Diagnostic test	North America	South America	Middle East	Far East
ELISA (serology) detects: Viral Antigen IgM and IgG antibody | hol

^† There is a reported prevalence of 15% in the Northeast of the US.

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Differential Diagnosis of Measles

Disease	Agent	Typical Season	Typical Age	Prodrome	Fever	Duration of the rash (days)	Rash	Other Signs & Symptoms
Measles	Paramyxovirus Measles virus	Winter - Spring	1 to 20 years	2-4 days of cough, conjuctivitis, and coryza	High	5 - 6	Erythematous, irregular size, maculopapular; starts on temples & behind ears; progresses down from face; fades to brownish	Koplik’s spots: C blue-white papules (salt grains) on bright red mucosa opposite premolar teeth
Kawasaki disease	Unknown	Winter - Spring	< 5 years	3 days of abrupt fever	High; fever of 5 days is a diagnostic criteria	5 - 7	Erythematous, morbilliform, maculopapular or scarlatiniform, central distribution; erythematous, indurated palms and soles	Acute: dry, fissured and injected lips, strawberry tongue; irritability; cervical lymphadenopathy; conjunctival injection; peripheral edema Subacute: finger-tip desquamation; Complications: arthritis, carditis
Roseola Infantum (exanthem subitum)	Human herpes virus type 6	Any season	6 months to 2 years	None	High	1-2; it follows defervescence	Discrete erythematous macules, rarely involves face, begins as fever ends	Lymphadenopathy, irritability
Rubella	Togavirus	Spring	7 months to 29 years	0 - 4 days; mild malaise, fever; absent in children	Low grade	1 - 3	Discrete, rose-pink, diffuse, maculopapular; progresses downward from face, may change quickly	Arthralgia (usually in adults), tender posterior cervical and suboccipital lymphadenopathy, malaise, petechiae on soft palate
Scarlet Fever	ß-hemolytic streptococci	Winter	> 2 years	0 - 6 day, marked	Low to high	2 - 7	Scarlet "sunburn" with punctate papules "sandpaper", circumoral pallor, increased intensity in skin folds, blanches stars face/head, upper trunk and progresses downward	Sore throat, exudative tonsillitis, vomiting, abdominal pain, lmphadenopathy, white then red strawberry tongue
Erythema Infectiosum 9Fifth Disease)	Human parvovirus type B19	Spring	5 - 10 years	None, usually in children, may occur in adults	None to low-grade	2 - 4	Starts as “slapped cheek”, maculopapular; progresses to reticular (lacy) pattern; can recur with environmental changes such as sunlight exposure	Arthralgia/arthritis in adults, adenopathy
Enterovirus	Echovirus Coxsackie virus	Summer - Fall	Mainly childhood	0 - 1 day fever and myalias	Low to high	1 - 5	Fine, pink, always affects face; variant is Boston exanthem (large ~ 1 cm, discrete maculopapules)	Sore throat, headache, malaise, no lymphadenopathy, gastroenteritis
Dengue Fever	Flavivirus Dengue virus types 1 - 4			None	High	1 - 5	Generalized maculopapular rash after defervescence; spares palms and soles	Headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, vomiting
Drug induced rash	Many	Any	Any	Possible due to underlying illness	Possible	Varies	Typically diffuse but may be concentrated in diaper area, typically no progression, erythema multiform rash can progress over a few days	Possibly due to underlying illness or complications
Infectious Mononucleosis	Epstein-Barr Virus	None	10 - 30 years	2 - 5 days of malaise and fatigue	Low to high	2 - 7	Trunk and proximal extremities. Rash common if Ampicillin given	Pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, malaise
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever	Adenovirus types 2, 3, 4, 7, 7a	Winter - Spring	< 5 years		Low to high	3 - 5	Starts on face and spreads down to trunk and extremities	Sore throat, conjunctivitis, headache, anorexia