Hepatitis A history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
History and Symptoms
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) can produce either asymptomatic or symptomatic infection in humans after an average incubation period of 28 days (range: 15--50 days)[1]. Peak infectivity occurs during the 2-week period before onset of jaundice or elevation of liver enzymes, when concentration of virus in stool is highest[2]. Illness caused by HAV typically has an abrupt onset that can include fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and jaundice. The likelihood of having symptoms with HAV infection increases with age. Fewer than 10% of infections among children aged 0-4 years result in jaundice; this percentage increases to 30%-40% among children aged 5-9 years, 60%-80% among youths aged 10-17 years, and 80%-90% among adults aged ≥18 years[3]. When signs and symptoms occur, typically they last <2 months, although 10%-15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to 6 months[4]. The case-fatality rate for HAV infection increases with age: 1.8% for persons adults aged >50 years compared with 0.6% for persons aged <50 years. The case-fatality rate is also increased among persons with chronic liver disease, who are at increased risk for acute liver failure[5].
HAV has an incubation period of about 28 days (anywhere from 15 to 50 is usual).
Symptoms
Some persons, particularly young children, are asymptomatic.
When symptoms are present, they usually occur abruptly and can include the following:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Dark urine
- Clay-colored bowel movements
- Joint pain
- Jaundice
Children younger than 6 years of age typically do not show jaundice, while more that 70% of older patients do.
References
- ↑ Krugman S, Giles JP (1970). "Viral hepatitis. New light on an old disease". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 212 (6): 1019–29. PMID 4191502. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Ticehurst JR, Purcell RH (1986). "Fecal excretion of Greek strains of hepatitis A virus in patients with hepatitis A and in experimentally infected chimpanzees". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 154 (2): 231–7. PMID 3014009. Retrieved 2012-02-28. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Armstrong GL, Bell BP (2002). "Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States: model-based estimates and implications for childhood immunization". Pediatrics. 109 (5): 839–45. PMID 11986444. Retrieved 2012-02-28. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Glikson M, Galun E, Oren R, Tur-Kaspa R, Shouval D (1992). "Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey". Medicine. 71 (1): 14–23. PMID 1312659. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Williams I, Bell B, Kaluba J, Shapiro C. Association between chronic liver disease and death from hepatitis A, United States, 1989--92 [abstract no. A39]. IX Triennial International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Rome, Italy, April 21--25, 1996.