Salmonellosis historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella.
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease.
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. He also noted that history of typhoid protected the individual from further disease, which did not happen in typhus. The term enteric fever was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it after the anatomic region where infection occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to enteric fever.
The transmission of typhoid fever was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.[1]
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the spleen of patients with the disease.
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using organisms killed by heat. Widal et all. also demonstrated on this year that sera from convalescent typhoid patients made the life organisms lose motility.