Sandbox JA
Progress
- Tuberculoma
- Single or multiple lesions of > 0.5 cm
- May occur in primary or secundary TB
- Main finding on Chest X-ray in 5% cases of secondary TB[1]
- Results from the surrounding of M. tuberculosis with inflammatory or connective tissue.[2][3][1]
- The center of the tuberculoma is often necrotic
- Satellite lesions (80%)
- Nodular or diffused calcifications in 20-30% cases[2]
- Thin-walled cavity
- Present in active and inactive disease
- May regress after treatment
- Air-filled sect may persist[4]
- May be misidentified as an emphysematous bulla or pneumatocelle.
- Cicatrization:
- Common in secondary TB
- Marked fibrosis in ≤40% of secondary TB cases, which may present as:
- Upper love atelectasis
- Compensatory hyperinflation of the lower lobe
- Hilar retraction
- Mediastinal shift
- Unspecific X-Ray findings:[5]
- Parenchymal bands
- Fibrotic cavities
- Fibrotic nodules
- Traction bronchiectasis
- Lung Destruction:[5]
- Common in end-stage of TB
- Involvement of the airways and parenchyma
- May follow primary TB or secondary TB
- Spreads across the lung with cavitation and fibrosis[2]
- Concomitant infection with bacteria or bacteria may occur
- Complicates assessment of TB activity in the lung with the X-ray.
Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diarrhea
Acute inflammatory diarrhea may be caused by different pathogens. Bellow is a table describing some of these pathogens in terms of transmission and symptoms:[6][7]
| Pathogen | Transmission | Clinical Manifestations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | Nausea/Vomiting | Abdominal Pain | Bloody Stool | ||
| Salmonella | Foodborne transmission, community-acquired | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Shigella | Community-acquired, person-to-person | ++ | ++ | ++ | + |
| Campylobacter | Community-acquired, ingestion of undercooked poultry | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| E. coli (EHEC or EIEC) | Foodborne transmission, ingestion of undercooked hamburger meat | ± | + | ++ | ++ |
| Clostridium difficile | Nosocomial spread, antibiotic use | + | ± | + | + |
| Yersinia | Community-aquired, foodborne transmission | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Travel to or emigration from tropical regions | + | ± | + | ± |
| Aeromonas | Ingestion of contaminated water | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Plesiomonas | Ingestion of contaminated water or undercooked shellfish, travel to tropical regions | ± | ++ | + | + |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Woodring JH, Vandiviere HM, Fried AM, Dillon ML, Williams TD, Melvin IG (1986). "Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 146 (3): 497–506. doi:10.2214/ajr.146.3.497. PMID 3484866.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lee KS, Song KS, Lim TH, Kim PN, Kim IY, Lee BH (1993). "Adult-onset pulmonary tuberculosis: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160 (4): 753–8. doi:10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456658. PMID 8456658.
- ↑ Palmer PE (1979). "Pulmonary tuberculosis--usual and unusual radiographic presentations". Semin Roentgenol. 14 (3): 204–43. PMID 472765.
- ↑ Fraser, Richard (1994). Synopsis of diseases of the chest. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0721636691.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH (2001). "Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis". Radiographics. 21 (4): 839–58, discussion 859-60. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839. PMID 11452057.
- ↑ Thielman NM, Guerrant RL (2004). "Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea". N Engl J Med. 350 (1): 38–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID 14702426.
- ↑ Khan AM, Faruque AS, Hossain MS, Sattar S, Fuchs GJ, Salam MA (2004). "Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children: a hospital-based surveillance study". J Trop Pediatr. 50 (6): 354–6. doi:10.1093/tropej/50.6.354. PMID 15537721.