Pentamidine Isethionate
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2]
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Overview
Pentamidine Isethionate is an antifungal that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Common adverse reactions include night sweats, anemia, nausea, diarrhea.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
- Dosing Information
- The recommended adult dosage of NebuPent for the prevention of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is 300 mg once every four weeks administered via the Respirgard® II nebulizer.
- The dose should be delivered until the nebulizer chamber is empty (approximately 30 to 45 minutes). The flow rate should be 5 to 7 liters per minute from a 40 to 50 pounds per square inch (PSI) air or oxygen source. Alternatively, a 40 to 50 PSI air compressor can be used with flow limited by setting the flowmeter at 5 to 7 liters per minute or by setting the pressure at 22 to 25 PSI. Low pressure (less than 20 PSI) compressors should not be used.
- Stability
- Freshly prepared solutions for aerosol use are recommended. After reconstitution with sterile water, the NebuPent solution is stable for 48 hours in the original vial at room temperature if protected from light.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Pentamidine Isethionate in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Pentamidine Isethionate in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Pentamidine Isethionate in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Pentamidine Isethionate in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Pentamidine Isethionate in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
- NebuPent is contraindicated in patients with a history of an anaphylactic reaction to inhaled or parenteral pentamidine isethionate.
Warnings
- The potential for development of acute PJP still exists in patients receiving NebuPent prophylaxis. Therefore, any patient with symptoms suggestive of the presence of a pulmonary infection, including but not limited to dyspnea, fever or cough, should receive a thorough medical evaluation and appropriate diagnostic tests for possible acute PJP as well as for other opportunistic and nonopportunistic pathogens. The use of NebuPent may alter the clinical and radiographic features of PJP and could result in an atypical presentation, including but not limited to mild disease or focal infection.
- Prior to initiating NebuPent prophylaxis, symptomatic patients should be evaluated appropriately to exclude the presence of PJP. The recommended dose of NebuPent for the prevention of PJP is insufficient to treat acute PJP.
Precautions
- Pulmonary
- Inhalation of NebuPent may induce bronchospasm or cough. This has been noted particularly in some patients who have a history of smoking or asthma. In clinical trials, cough and bronchospasm were the most frequently reported adverse experiences associated with NebuPent administration (38% and 15%, respectively of patients receiving the 300 mg dose); however less than 1% of the doses were interrupted or terminated due to these effects. For the majority of patients, cough and bronchospasm were controlled by administration of an aerosolized bronchodilator (only 1% of patients withdrew from the study due to treatment-associated cough or bronchospasm). In patients who experience bronchospasm or cough, administration of an inhaled bronchodilator prior to giving each NebuPent dose may minimize recurrence of the symptoms.
- General
- The extent and consequence of pentamidine accumulation following chronic inhalation therapy are not known. As a result, patients receiving NebuPent should be closely monitored for the development of serious adverse reactions that have occurred in patients receiving parenteral pentamidine, including hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hepatic or renal dysfunction, ventricular tachycardia, pancreatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hyperkalemia and abnormal ST segment of ECG.
- Extrapulmonary infection with P. jiroveci has been reported infrequently. Most, but not all, of the cases have been reported in patients who have a history of PJP. The presence of extrapulmonary pneumocystosis should be considered when evaluating patients with unexplained signs and symptoms.
- Cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported in patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine. NebuPent should be discontinued if signs or symptoms of acute pancreatitis develop.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
- The most frequently reported unsolicited adverse events (1 to 5%) in clinical trials, regardless of their relation to NebuPent therapy were as follows (n=931):
Body as a Whole
Gastrointestinal
Hematologic
Infection
Bronchitis, non-specific herpes, herpes zoster, non-specific influenza, oral Candida, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and upper respiratory tract.
Nervous System
=====Respiratory System
Chest pain, cough, and wheezing.
Special Senses
Bad taste.
- Adverse events of less than 1% incidence were as follows (No causal relationship to treatment has been established for these adverse events):
Body as a Whole
Allergic reaction, non-specific allergy, body odor, facial edema, fever, leg edema, lethargy, low body temperature, and temperature abnormality.
Cardiovascular
Cerebrovascular accident, hypotension, hypertension, palpitations, poor circulation, syncope, tachycardia, vasodilatation and vasculitis.
Gastrointestinal
Abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, gastritis, gastric ulcer, gingivitis, hiatal hernia, hypersalivation, oral ulcer/abscess, splenomegaly, and vomiting.
Hematological
Eosinophilia, neutropenia, non-specific cytopenia, pancytopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
Hepatic
Hepatitis, hepatomegaly, and hepatic dysfunction.
Infection
Bacterial pneumonia, central venous line related sepsis, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis, CMV retinitis, esophageal Candida, histoplasmosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-specific mycoplasma, oral herpes, non-specific otitis, non-specific pharyngitis, pharyngeal herpes, non-specific serious infection, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, and viral encephalitis.
Metabolic
Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia.
Musculoskeletal
Arthralgia, gout, and myalgia.
Neurological
Anxiety, confusion, depression, drowsiness, emotional lability, hallucination, hypesthesia, insomnia, memory loss, neuralgia, neuropathy, non-specific neuropathy, nervousness, paranoia, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, seizure, tremors, unsteady gait, and vertigo.
Reproductive
Respiratory system
Asthma, bronchitis, bronchospasm, chest congestion, chest tightness, coryza, cyanosis, eosinophilic or interstitial pneumonitis, gagging, hemoptysis, hyperventilation, laryngitis, laryngospasm, non-specific lung disorder, nasal congestion, pleuritis, pneumothorax, rales, rhinitis, shortness of breath, non-specific sputum, and tachypnea.
Skin
Desquamation, dry and breaking hair, dry skin, erythema, non-specific dermatitis, pruritus, rash, and urticaria.
Special senses
Blepharitis, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, contact lens discomfort, eye pain or discomfort, hemianopsia, loss of taste, non-specific odor, and smell.
Urogenital
Flank pain, incontinence, nephritis, renal failure, and renal pain.
- In a clinical trial where some adverse events were solicited by investigators, the incidences were as follows:
Postmarketing Experience
- From post-marketing clinical experience with NebuPent the following spontaneous adverse events have been reported: anaphylaxis, colitis, diabetes, dyspnea, esophigitis, hematochezia, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels, melena, pancreatitis (see WARNINGS), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and torsade de pointes.
Drug Interactions
- While specific studies on drug interactions with NebuPent have not been conducted, the majority of patients in clinical trials received concomitant medications, including zidovudine, with no reported interactions. Because the nephrotoxic effects may be additive, the concomitant or sequential use of NebuPent and other nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, foscarnet, or vancomycin should be closely monitored and avoided, if possible.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Category C
- There are no adequate and well controlled studies of NebuPent in pregnant women. A literature report indicated that intravenously administered pentamidine in pregnant rats at 4 mg/kg/day was embryolethal; teratogenicity was not observed in this study. It is unknown whether pentamidine administered via the aerosolized route crosses the placenta at clinically significant concentrations. It is not known whether NebuPent can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. NebuPent should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Pentamidine Isethionate in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Pentamidine Isethionate during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
- It is not known whether NebuPent is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from NebuPent, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, NebuPent should not be given to a nursing mother unless the potential benefits are judged to outweigh the unknown risks.
Pediatric Use
- The safety and effectiveness of NebuPent in pediatric patients (birth to 16 years of age) have not been established.
Geriatic Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate with respect to geriatric patients.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Pentamidine Isethionate in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Pentamidine Isethionate in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
- Oral
- Intravenous
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
- Description
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
Overdosage
Acute Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
- Overdosage has not been reported with NebuPent. The symptoms and signs of overdosage are not known.
- A serious overdosage, to the point of producing systemic drug levels similar to those following parenteral administration, would have the potential of producing similar types of serious systemic toxicity.
- Available clinical pharmacology data suggest that a dose up to 40 times the recommended NebuPent dosage would be required to produce systemic levels similar to a single 4 mg/kg intravenous dose.
Chronic Overdose
There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Pentamidine Isethionate Pharmacology in the drug label.
Mechanism of Action
- Studies suggest that the pentamidine isethionate interferes with microbial nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.
Structure
- NebuPent (pentamidine isethionate), an antifungal agent, is a nonpyrogenic lyophilized product. After reconstitution with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, NebuPent is administered by inhalation via the Respirgard® II nebulizer [Marquest, Englewood, CO].
- Pentamidine isethionate, 4,4’-[1,5-pentane-diylbis(oxy)]bis-benzenecarboximidamid, is a white crystalline powder soluble in water and glycerin and insoluble in ether, acetone, and chloroform.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
Pharmacokinetics
- In 5 AIDS patients with suspected Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), the mean concentrations of pentamidine determined 18 to 24 hours after inhalation therapy were 23.2 ng/mL (range 5.1 to 43.0 ng/mL) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and 705 ng/mL (range 140 to 1336 ng/mL) in sediment after administration of a 300 mg single dose via the Respirgard® II nebulizer. In 3 AIDS patients with suspected PJP, the mean concentrations of pentamidine determined 18 to 24 hours after a 4 mg/kg intravenous dose were 2.6 ng/mL (range 1.5 to 4.0 ng/mL) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and 9.3 ng/mL (range 6.9 to 12.8 ng/mL) in sediment. In the patients who received aerosolized pentamidine, the peak plasma levels of pentamidine were at or below the lower limit of detection of the assay (2.3 ng/mL).
- Following a single 2-hour intravenous infusion of 4 mg/kg of pentamidine isethionate to 6 AIDS patients, the mean plasma Cmax, T 1/2 and clearance were 612 ± 371 ng/mL, 6.4 ± 1.3 hr and 248 ± 91 L/hr respectively. In another study of aerosolized pentamidine in 13 AIDS patients with acute PJP who received 4 mg/kg/day administered via the Ultra Vent® jet nebulizer, peak plasma levels of pentamidine averaged 18.8 ± 11.9 ng/mL after the first dose. During the next 14 days of repeated dosing, the highest observed Cmax averaged 20.5 ± 21.2 ng/mL. In a third study, following daily administration of 600 mg of inhaled pentamidine isethionate with the Respirgard® II nebulizer for 21 days in 11 patients with acute PJP, mean plasma levels measured shortly after the 21st dose averaged 11.8 ± 10.0 ng/mL. Plasma concentrations after aerosol administration are substantially lower than those observed after a comparable intravenous dose. The extent of pentamidine accumulation and distribution following chronic inhalation therapy are not known.
- In rats, intravenous administration of a 5 mg/kg dose resulted in concentrations of pentamidine in the liver and kidney that were 87.5 and 62.3-fold higher, respectively, than levels in those organs following 5 mg/kg administered as an aerosol.
- No pharmacokinetic data are available following aerosol administration of pentamidine in humans with impaired hepatic or renal function.
Nonclinical Toxicology
- Literature reports indicate that pentamidine was not mutagenic in the Ames bacterial (S. typhimurium) test and did not induce an increase in chromosomal aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell or in human lymphocytes in vitro.
- No studies have been conducted to determine effects of pentamidine isethionate on carcinogenicity or fertility.
Clinical Studies
There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
How Supplied
- 87715 63323-877-15
- NebuPent® (pentamidine isethionate) 300 mg lyophilized product in single dose vials, individually packaged.
- Store dry product at 20°to 25°C (68°to 77°F).
- Protect the dry product and the reconstituted solution from light.
Storage
There is limited information regarding Pentamidine Isethionate Storage in the drug label.
Images
Drug Images
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Package and Label Display Panel
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Patient Counseling Information
There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Pentamidine Isethionate in the drug label.
Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Pentamidine Isethionate interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
- NEBUPENT®[1]
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Pentamidine Isethionate Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.
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