HIV AIDS epidemiology and demographics
|
AIDS Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
HIV AIDS epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of HIV AIDS epidemiology and demographics |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for HIV AIDS epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]
Overview
HIV is now a pandemic. In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it claimed the lives of an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children. Over three-fourths of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and destroying human capital. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[1]
HIV/AIDS stigma is more severe than that associated with some other life-threatening conditions and extends beyond the disease itself to providers and even volunteers involved with the care of people living with HIV.[2]
In 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV, of whom more than 30 million were living in low- and middle-income countries.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
In 2005, approximately 5 million people were newly infected with HIV and approximately 3 million people with AIDS died, an increase from 2004 and the highest number since 1981 (UNAIDS, 2005). In 2013, approximately 6000 new individuals were infected with HIV every day . [3]
- About 700 were in children under 15 years of age.
- 68% of those were in Sub Saharan Africa.
- About 5200 were adults ages 15 years or older of whom:
- About 33% were among young people (15-24)
- Almost 47% were among women
Prevalence
UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history.
In 2013, the prevalence estimates were as follows:
- Total = 35 million
- Adults = 31.8 million
- Women = 16 million
- Children (<15 years) = 3.2 million
Age
Globally, an estimated 2.5 million children are living with HIV. An estimated 400,000 children are infected yearly.[4]
The following table demonstrates the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the United States in 2011 distributed by age at time of diagnosis:
Gender
In the United States, males are more commonly affected than females. This may be related to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual men.
Prevalence by Mode of Transmission
The most common method of transmission is sexual contact. Unprotected male-to-male sexual contact is the major factor, followed by unprotected male-to-female sexual contact.
Race/Ethinicity
In the United States, HIV is most common among African-American males and females from Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander origins.
Developing Countries
Sub-Saharan Africa remains by far the worst affected region, with an estimated 23.8 to 28.9 million people currently living with HIV. More than 60% of all people living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters (76%) of all women living with HIV.
In 2007, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 76% of all AIDS deaths and approximately 35% of all new infections worldwide. Unlike other regions, most people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 (61%) were women. Adult prevalence in 2007 was an estimated 5.0%, and AIDS continued to be the single largest cause of mortality in this region.[4] South Africa has the largest population of HIV patients in the world, followed by Nigeria and India.[6] South & South East Asia are the second worst affected regions; in 2007, an estimated 18% of all people living with AIDS, and an estimated 300,000 deaths from AIDS were attributable to these regions.[4] The estimated adult prevalence of AIDS in India is approximately 0.36%.[4] Life expectancy has fallen dramatically in the worst-affected countries; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.[7]
Mortality
The total number of deaths in 2013 according to the WHO were as follows:
- Total = 1.5 million
- Adults = 1.3 million
- Children (>15 years) = 1,900,000
Treatment
People receiving anti retroviral therapy in actual and projected figures are plotted in a graph and depicted below according to WHO statistics from 2003- 2015.
References
- ↑ Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC; et al. (1998). "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators". N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (13): 853&ndash, 860. PMID 9516219.
- ↑ Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL (1999). "Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers". American Behavioral Scientist. 42 (7): 1175&ndash, 1192. doi:10.1177/0002764299042007009.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "WHO 2013 statistics".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-12.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention".
- ↑ McNeil DG Jr (2007-11-20). "U.N. agency to say it overstated extent of H.I.V. cases by millions". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ↑ Kallings LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". J Intern Med. 263 (3): 218–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765.
- Pages with reference errors
- CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- HIV/AIDS
- Disease
- Immune system disorders
- Infectious disease
- Viral diseases
- Pandemics
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Syndromes
- Virology
- AIDS origin hypotheses
- Medical disasters
- Acronyms
- Immunodeficiency
- Microbiology